Using targeted functional manipulations of neural activity to map neuromodulatory connections can deliver considerable insight into the functional architecture of a behaviorally important network even in the absence of information about its synaptic connectivity.

The cAMP-HCN pathway can control action potential conduction velocity providing neuromodulators with the ability to tune energy consumption and temporal delays across axons in the brain.

A computational model of the thalamocortical network explains sleep stages by the coordinated variations in the level of neuromodulators and predicts differences of sleep pattern in human, cat and mouse recordings.

Biochemically detailed modelling of pathways leading to post-synaptic plasticity reveals the dependence of neocortical LTP/LTD on the availability of different proteins and stimulation patterns.

Starvation upregulates activity in certain sensory channels and downregulates it in others in what appears to be an optimization strategy that serves to increase the hedonic value of food odors.

Early-life experiences and neuromodulatory mechanisms shape discontinuous behavioral plasticity across developmental stages and modify the spectrum of long-term individuality patterns within isogenic populations.

Evidence for neuromodulatory control of flexibility in human neural models.

Nitric oxide is a type-selective neuromodulator affecting the temporal, but not the spatial response kinetics of a specific subset of mouse retinal ganglion cells.

A direct relationship between pupil diameter and electrophysiological correlates of attention, sensory stimulus processing and target detection was observed demonstrating that arousal has a substantial influence on perceptual decision-making.

Rapid increases in the brain’s level of alertness, or arousal, contribute to variability in decision making by reducing existing biases.