Independent dating techniques have established that the H. naledi fossils are between 236 and 335 thousand years old, indicating that small-brained hominins with relatively primitive body shapes co-existed with our early ancestors in Africa.

RNA sequencing and genetic mouse models reveal that transcriptional changes to astrocytes in the developing cortex are not intrinsic but influenced by their environment and determine that expression of astrocyte synapse-regulating genes and neuronal synaptogenesis is modulated by ongoing astrocyte-neuron communication.

While neurotransmitters were discovered decades ago, evidence suggests that more transmitters are to be discovered using the presented approaches.

Sleep-related hemodynamic signals are much larger than those in the awake brain, so it is crucial to monitor the arousal state during studies of spontaneous activity.

Non-oscillatory brain activity can be used to monitor arousal levels during both NREM and REM sleep as well as under general anesthesia with propofol.

Neural crest and placode lineages both contribute to the enteric nervous system, divergently utilizing Edn3-Ednrb and GDNF-Ret signaling.

A detailed characterizations of EDTA-treated Candida albicans cells both in vitro and pre-clinical models led to discovery of a potential live whole-cell vaccine against fungal infections.

The dorsal raphe nucleus contains transcriptionally diverse cell classes that include subtypes of serotonergic neurons with distinct molecular and anatomical signatures.