Drosophila clock neurons manifest remarkable heterogeneity, which might be generally true and help explain why Drosophila has a sophisticated behavioral repertoire despite a tiny brain of about 100,000 neurons.

An optogenetic dual-color Ca²⁺-imaging approach shows how submucosal pacemaker-cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, modulate smooth-muscle responses and drive colonic motility via complex Ca²⁺ signaling.

Electrophysiology identifies a population of fan-shaped body neurons that encode airflow in two directions relative to the fly midline and whose silencing disrupts proper orientation to airflow.

Representation of goals in the forms previously reported in the PFC is not required for performance of a novel spatial working memory task where goal information must be used flexibly.

In the processing of spoken narratives, bottom-up acoustic cues and top-down linguistic knowledge separately contribute to neural construction of linguistic units.

Spatial accuracy of grid cell firing correlates with the slope of the local field potential theta frequency vs. running speed relationship and integrates velocity signals over past time.

The conserved chTOG protein is required to destabilize incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments.

Ensemble fluidity, observed as synaptic turnover and temporal drift in neuronal patterns, supports memory-updating and flexibility while maintaining memory stability.

Learned expectations allow for a distinct anticipatory distractor representation at the feature but not at the spatial level.

Sleep-related hemodynamic signals are much larger than those in the awake brain, so it is crucial to monitor the arousal state during studies of spontaneous activity.