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Considering the course of a pathogen's evolution, there appears to be interplay between secretion systems, providing unique, synergistic mechanisms to support a successful lifestyle for possibly pathogenesis, symbiosis and/or parasitosis.

This review considers the evolutionary processes and physiological mechanisms that maintain or end pregnancy in mammals to formulate general, testable theoretical models that provide insights into the biology of parturition.

Inducible fate-mapping analysis demonstrates that neither microglia, CD11c⁺ activated microglia nor border-associated macrophages are replenished by bone marrow-derived cells in Alzheimer’s disease.

A link between chronic stress and organ dysfunction is explained by the gateway reflex, in which brain micro-inflammation at specific vessels establishes a new neural pathway to induce fatal organ failure particularly in gastrointestine and heart.

Modulation of the aging process through cell signaling represents a recent and exciting area of study with the potential for development of therapeutics to extend human health.

Cell biology analyses in Drosophila epithelial tissues reveal novel mechanisms connecting epithelial polarity proteins with Myosin-dependent cell contractility.

Neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus have unique cytoplasmic processes that promote privileged access to circulating factors by a unique contact point with an endothelial cell.

Thymic macrophages are unique phagocytes with antigen-presenting abilities that comprise a Timd4⁺ subset of embryonic origin located in the cortex and a Cx3cr1⁺ subset derived from adult hematopoietic stem cells residing in the medulla.

The anti-cancer or lifespan extension properties of a novel genetically engineered hematopoietic blood system could be transferred horizontally in mice, which suggests a new direction of biomedical research for anti-aging/antidisease.

Toxoplasma gondii infection leads to conversion of natural killer cells into cells resembling innate lymphoid cells, group 1, that circulate widely, disrupting current notions suggesting that these cells have distinct lineages.