Multivariate analysis of respiratory cycle shows that GABAergic disinhibition in the rostral regions of the lateral parafacial area is linked to the most significant and enduring changes in active expiration.

Active expiration in anesthetized rats is driven by the lateral parafacial region, but requires an additional form of excitation from another source.

Cellular and chemogenetic approaches identify a novel mode of chemotransduction involving regulation of basal breathing by CO₂/H+-dependent disinhibition.

An unbiased description reveals potential implications for understanding the developmental mechanisms that match respiratory supply and demand during hypoxia.

New evidence for the impaired breathing activity is related to non-polyalanine repeat expansion mutations form of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome neuropathology.

Recordings from brainstem nuclei involved in chemosensory regulation of breathing in awake freely behaving mice show different complementary types of neuronal responses to hypercapnia in the retrotrapezoid nucleus and the rostral medullary raphe.

The pre-Bötzinger complex, known as the kernel for the breathing generation, consists of separate subpopulations of neurons that project to specific nuclei to coordinate respiratory rhythmicity with different physiological behaviors, such as nasofacial activity.

The primary rhythm generators controlling respiration are integrated in a much larger network of brain regions, including areas not typically considered to be respiratory control centers, and that allow respiration to be adapted to all forms of ongoing behavior.

Functional and anatomical analysis reveal a crucial role played during embryonic development by microglia in the ontogenesis and function of central circuits responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis.

Novel brainstem organotypic cultures that generate rhythmic respiratory motor activity reveal the neural networks that control breathing and a new pathway in the hypercapnic response.