Cooperativity between two transcription regulators occurs through protein-protein interactions with a general transcription factor complex and potentiates the parallel evolution of their DNA binding sites.
Cis-regulation such as enhancers and promoters plays a major role in parallel gene expression divergence and has features that make it a well-poised substrate for adaptive evolution.
A combination of massively parallel reporter assays and mass spectrometry uncovers the regulation of previously unexplored promoters across the Escherichia coli genome.
Evolutionary adaptation to a constitutive perturbation of DNA replication reveals that adaptive mutations in three conserved pathways interact to restore faithful chromosome replication and segregation.
Experimental evolution shows that when selection acts on two traits constrained by a trade-off, the direction of phenotypic evolution depends on the environment.