Within populations, there is standing variation in paralog expression levels, paralog expression levels are heritable, and variation in paralog expression can modify the phenotypes associated with mutation of one of the paralogs.

Regulatory evolution allows paralogs to escape from strucural pleiotropy.

Ribosomal proteins Rps27 (eS27) and Rps27l (eS27L) are an ancient pair of duplicated genes that encode functionally interchangeable proteins, yet have been evolutionarily retained because both copies are necessary to achieve protein expression across cell types.

Asymmetrical expression dictates functional dominance of one STAT5 paralog at cellular and tissue levels despite redundancy at molecular and genomic levels.

Whole genome duplication in Brassica rapa is accompanied by both expansion of the circadian transcriptome and widespread temporal reconfiguration of gene regulatory networks consistent with subfunctionalization among pairs of paralogs.

The fate of duplicated transcription factors within budding yeast is described, providing insights into the mechanisms that shape transcriptional networks during evolution.

Despite highly conserved sequences, subtle variations in HP1 paralog charge distribution influence distinct liquid-liquid phase separation behaviors, ultimately impacting DNA-mediated heterochromatin organization.

Two zebrafish Keap1-paralogs are equally adept at electrophile-sensing but manifest divergent and co-regulatory electrophile-signaling behaviors.

A time-gated model is proposed to reconcile the transient vs. persistent biological activities of cellular senescence, in which 'time' seems to be the main orchestrator of the beneficial vs. detrimental effects of the senescent programme.

For mRNA decapping by enhancing DCP2's mRNA-binding affinity and regulating distinct biological processes through DCP1a and DCP1b, human DCP1 is essential.