Mechanical interactions between bacterial species with different motility characteristics play an important role in spatial-temporal dynamics of multi-species bacterial colonies and can lead to formation of complex patterns.
SHH signaling acts through FOXF1/2 transcription factors and antagonizes BMP signaling to specify oral fate and pattern the oral-aboral axis of the mandibular arch to ensure proper formation of jaws.
The changes in shape of iridophores that underlie adult colour pattern formation in zebrafish depend on the levels of Tight Junction Protein 1a in these cells.
Theoretical analysis and in vitro reconstitution of a biological reaction-diffusion system identify key functional motifs as well as underlying principles and enable rebuilding pattern formation in a modular fashion.
Melanophores and xanthophores interact via heteromeric gap junctions composed of Connexin 41.8 and Connexin 39.4 to establish the adult pigment pattern in zebrafish.
Plexin controls the spatial distribution of synapses by locally inhibiting Rap2 small GTPase activity along the axon, and a Rap2 effector, TNIK, which also plays a key role in inhibiting synapse number.
Simulations and experiments on systems containing two different populations of microorganisms show that interactions that benefit at least one of the populations can lead to communities with stable compositions, and that strong cooperation between two populations can lead to communities in which both populations are mixed together.
The geometry selection rules of dynamic Min protein patterns are determined in fully confined fluidic chambers, showing that both oscillations and running waves are derivatives of spiral rotations that are established as the majority pattern.
Realistic reaction-diffusion signaling networks that include cell-autonomous factors can robustly form self-organizing spatial patterns for any combination of diffusion coefficients without requiring differential diffusivity.
