The exceptionally large size of the human brain is the result of accelerating evolution towards larger brains in hominins, but is not the product of neocortical expansion.

A computational neuroanatomy analysis of cerebellar and cerebral folding in 56 mammalian species reveals groups of highly variable 'diverse' phenotypes, and strongly conserved 'stable' phenotypes, providing new insights into the diversity, evolution, and influence of cortical folding on brain organisation.

Quantifying the relationship between census sizes and genetic diversity estimates provides insights into whether natural selection can explain the narrow range of diversity between species.

A new computational tool provides insights into the structure of the cerebellum in mammals.

Treating color patterns in a geometric morphometrics framework reveals rapid rates of color evolution that are explained by a combination of intrinsic organismal features (color variation among patches) and geography within a cosmopolitan radiation of birds.

A model for evolutionary inferences at both micro- and macroevolutionary scales is proposed and evaluated theoretically and through simulations.

Introgression makes hemiplasy more likely, and the probability of hemiplasy incorporating incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and introgression can be estimated using the presented simulation software.

Primate hand preference strength but not direction (left vs. right) generally reflects phylogeny and ecology at species level, but human handedness deviates markedly from all other species.

The genome of Thermovibrio ammonificans encodes ancestral pathways (e.g., hydrogen oxidation) and more recently acquired ones (e.g., nitrate reduction) and a hybrid pathway for CO₂ fixation.

Sponges and ctenophores lack hypoxia-inducible factors, suggesting that the metazoan last common ancestor could have lived aerobically under severe hypoxia and did not need to regulate its transcription in response to oxygen availability.