An in silico reconstruction of a chloroplast that existed hundreds of millions of years ago casts new insights in the evolutionary processes, endosymbioses and chimerism events that shape the origin of plastids.

Serial-Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM) associated with biomolecular analysis show that chloroplast differentiation proceeds by distinct ‘structure establishment’ and ‘chloroplast proliferation’ phases, each with differential protein and lipid regulation.

The small ubiquitin-like modifier system directly regulates components of the chloroplast protein import apparatus, that is, TOC proteins, to control chloroplast biogenesis and plant development.

Proof-of-principle for a new herbicide mode of action through the identification of novel inhibitors of lysine biosynthesis with in planta efficacy.

The conserved polypeptide transport associated (POTRA) domains of the protein import channel, Toc75, are essential for protein import into chloroplasts.

Carotenoids are not just required as core components for plastid biogenesis, they can be cleaved into an apocarotenoid signal that regulates etioplast and chloroplast development during extended periods of darkness.

Stromules induced during plant innate immunity dynamically interact and use the cytoskeleton to form and to direct the movement of chloroplasts.

A combination of chloroplast transformation with nuclear transformation and large-scale metabolic screening of supertransformed plant lines has enabled an entire biochemical pathway to be transferred from a medicinal plant to a high-biomass crop.

A plant autophagy pathway transports chloroplast stroma and envelope components into the vacuole through the division and encapsulation of the site of chloroplasts that is associated with developing autophagosome.

Analysis of chromerid algal genomes reveals how apicomplexans have evolved from free-living algae into successful eukaryotic parasites via massive losses and re-inventing functional roles of genes.