A new type of implicit effects on one's actions induced by prediction errors during action observation is discovered.

Activity in the midbrain responds to unexpected changes in outcome identity (i.e. sensory prediction error) but does not scale with perceptual distance between expected and receipt reward.

The anticipation of rewards turns out to have its own hedonic value, on top of that of the reward itself; a wide range of behavioral and neurophysiological data suggest that this anticipation is boosted by prediction errors.

Key variables required for pain perception in the context of a predictive coding model are correlated with distinct oscillatory profiles.

Dopamine neurons function as an ensemble to signal a multidimensional feature prediction error.

Midbrain dopamine neurons in rats signal discrepancies between predicted and actual rewards, regardless of whether the rewards are predicted on the basis of experience or inference.

The formation and refinement of prediction error circuits relies on an experience-dependent balance of excitation and inhibition in canonical microcircuits.

Analysis of speech acoustics and human brain activity reveals the neural computations by which listeners combine speech input with prior expectations.

Multivariate analyses of human electrophysiological recordings revealed that the brain represents unexpected visual stimuli with greater fidelity than expected stimuli which arose independently of simple habituation arising from repetition.

Throughout learning, both unexpected outcomes and the predictive value of cues modulate learning rate and episodic memory, thereby supporting two seemingly opposing theories of associative learning.