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Astrocyte signaling can activate the firing of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and stimulate hormone release.

The preoptic area (POA) regulates distinct metabolic adaptations, via leptin-dependent (fasting-induced hypometabolism and high-fat-diet-induced hypermetabolism), or leptin-independent mechanisms (temperature induced metabolic changes) and thus significantly contributes to body weight homeostasis.

Neuroanatomical studies reveal presence and cholinergic phenotype of 150,000-200,000 extrahypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in human basal ganglia and basal forebrain, and RNA-sequencing detects gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor-1 expression in cholinergic interneurons but not in spiny projection neurons of the human putamen.

A comparative approach shows that developmental evolution of neuropeptidergic neuronal groups in the hypothalamus of blind cavefish drives adaptive behavioral evolution.

Thalamic interneurons in the mouse thalamus are often overlooked because of their extremely low numbers, however they are developmentally complex and related to those of larger-brained species.

Inhibitory neurons in the hypothalamus and amygdala push and pull on the midbrain vocal gating circuit to trigger and suppress ultrasonic vocalization (USV) production in the mouse.

Kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamus release peptide and amino acid neurotransmitters that work together to coordinate the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and subsequent release of reproductive hormones.

At least three hypothalamic subsystems are involved in cardiovascular regulation in humans.

Conditional knockout mice revealed that oxytocin secretion from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus suppresses hyperphagic obesity partly via the oxytocin receptor expressed in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus.

Placing the PACAP/PAC1 signaling within glutamate/GABA cell type and subregional contexts in mouse brain reveals its conspicuous role for sensorimotor circuit interaction through modulating neuronal plasticity.