Cost–benefit integration between the desirability of the expected reward and the imposed delay to delivery is supported by STN signals that dynamically combined both reward-related attributes to form a single integrated value estimate along an antero-posterior axis in this nucleus.

A combination of physiological and perceptual experiments show that the responses of rod photoreceptors inhibit those of cones more than vice versa, and reveal both the site of the retinal interaction and the underlying mechanism.

The visual maps measured non-invasively in the brain of human and non-human primates reliably reflect the underlying neuronal responses recorded with invasive electrodes.

Well-controlled psychological experiments show that there is little overlap in how humans and convolutional networks classify adversarial images, highlighting the problem of using CNNs as models of human vision.

Heterogeneity in perceptual sensitivity of human cone-mediated vision across wavelength originates in the cone photoreceptors, where S cones exhibit distinct functional properties in comparison to L and M cones.

A novel naturalistic environment with a touchscreen enables high-quality eye tracking for studying visual cognition in monkeys, and allows naive monkeys to learn complex tasks through a combination of social observation of trained monkeys and trial-and-error learning.

During natural visual behavior in mice, orienting towards a target is driven by head movements, during which the eyes stabilize and shift the visual input.

The exceptionally large size of the human brain is the result of accelerating evolution towards larger brains in hominins, but is not the product of neocortical expansion.

Multi-electrode recordings and modeling are combined to reveal the transformations of signals from cones to bipolar cells and then to ganglion cells within the primate retina.

The visual message conveyed by retinal neurons to the brain when signaling natural scenes resembles the individual receptive fields only when viewed in context of the neuronal population.