Dynamic dopaminergic signaling modulates the timing of reward-related movements by tuning the moment-to-moment probability of their onset.

Single-unit activity in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, a brain region implicated in organizing fear output, is found to reflect threat probability, a more versatile threat signal.

Synaptophysins and gyrins dampen synaptic strength selectively at low frequencies, hinting that synaptic transmission may play a frequency filtering role in biological computation that is more general than currently envisioned.

RIM binding UNC-13L C2A domain releases UNC-13L from an autoinhibitory homodimeric complex to become fusion-competent, and regulates probability of synaptic vesicle release in the post-priming process.

Excitatory synapses that occur further away from the postsynaptic cell soma exhibit greater neurotransmitter release probability, which appears to improve signal transfer fidelity for high-frequency afferent firing.

Digital NF-κB signaling achieves orthogonal control over the probability of activation (percentage of activated cells) and dynamic response heterogeneity in the population via the area and shape of the input profile.

When learning the reward probability of novel cues, dopamine neurons convey dissociable value and novelty signals.

Introgression makes hemiplasy more likely, and the probability of hemiplasy incorporating incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and introgression can be estimated using the presented simulation software.

With extended practice, stimulus expectations modulate activity in early visual areas that encode the sensory evidence for perceptual choices.

The probability of occupancy of individual synaptic release sites at rest sets an upper limit to synaptic output when increasing action potential related calcium entry.