The nerve growth-repellent activity that generates spinal nerve repeat-patterning in birds and mammals is identified at the molecular level, and a similar system is revealed in adult brain grey matter.

Epithelial tumors secrete the ER-resident AGR2 in the extracellular matrix to function as a novel essential microenvironmental regulator of epithelial tissue architecture, which leads to tumorigenicity.

The protein disulphide isomerase CRELD1 controls the biosynthesis of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nematode and mouse muscle.

The mechanism triggering HBV membrane fusion involves ERp57, a cellular protein disulfide isomerase, and ultimately leads to the exposition of a fusion peptide that was identified in the pre-S1 determinant.

The major protein disulfide isomerase family member, PDIA1, is essential in beta cells of mice fed a high-fat diet to maintain glucose homeostasis, proinsulin maturation and organelle integrity.

Duck Hepatitis B core protein forms capsids with a slowly folding extension domain which folding competence is important for viral replication.

Mitochondrial Cx43 hemichannels regulate ATP generation by mediating K+, H+, and ATP transfer across the mitochondrial inner membrane and the interaction with mitochondrial ATP synthase, contributing to maintenance of mitochondrial redox and cell protection under oxidative stress.

Calreticulin, beyond its known role as a chaperone, also serves as an endoplasmic reticulum repressor of ATF6⍺, selectively regulating one arm of the unfolded protein response.

The dimer destabilizers cause a dimer-to-monomer equilibrium shift favoring the human thymidylate synthase monomer more degradable by the proteasome, thus breaking the long-standing link between inhibition and enhanced expression of the protein to fight cancer drug resistance.

The induction of ISG15 during bacterial infection can be independent of Type I Interferons and leads to an increase in the secretion of cytokines known to be critical for bacterial clearance.