Structural and functional analysis of axonal-axonal reciprocal connections between dopamine neurons and Kenyon cells provides insight into the brain computations for normal associative olfactory learning.

The essential role of presynaptic NMDA receptors for granule cell GABAergic output elucidates the function of reciprocal spines in recurrent and possibly lateral inhibition of mitral cells during olfactory processsing.

Serial-section EM analysis uncovers the CNS connectome of a Ciona larva, the second of any entire nervous system, and exposes left-right asymmetries in its synaptic circuits.

The coactivity of cortical neurons in associative learning recruits them as associative memory cells based on their synapse interconnections by neuroligin-3-mediated synapse formation, which endorses the first order and the second order of associative memory.

Connectomics of the octopus 'fan-out fan-in’ learning network reveals that the intermediate layer uses approximately 22×10⁶ excitatory interneurons, each can store a single sensory input, while approximately 400×10³ integrating inhibitory interneurons adjust the network output level.

An inhibitory feedback circuit from Purkinje cells to molecular layer interneurons within the cerebellum has been characterized and found to be employed in vivo during motor learning.

retro-Tango, developed and validated in multiple circuits in Drosophila melanogaster, is established as a genetically encoded, transsynaptic labeling system in the retrograde direction.

The synaptic structure in mouse V1 is explained by a synergy of homeostatic plasticity in incoming and outgoing synapses of inhibitory interneurons, establishing a stimulus-specific balance of excitation and inhibition.

The neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 limits excitation and lateral inhibition between D1-MSNs, which are important for the execution of slow-switching flexible behaviors.

A postsynaptic, intracellular, scaffolding protein is necessary to build neuronal gap junctions, revealing an unanticipated complexity of molecular and functional organization of electrical synapses.