The numerous reports in support of action-value representation in the striatum are based on statistical analyses that are subject to two critical confounds and, thus, this long-held belief of striatal action-value representation should be retested using different experiments and analyses.

Developmental hearing loss causes perceptual deficits that are best explained by degraded auditory cortical encoding that is recorded during task performance.

Focal optogenetic stimulation strengthens functional connectivity between primary somatosensory and motor cortices in macaques, in a manner consistent with a Hebbian model of stimulus-driven plasticity.

Avoiding danger requires inhibitory signaling in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex, as evidenced by optogenetic manipulations based on neuronal firing patterns.

Tensile stress patterns in tissues are revealed by cell-cell adhesion defects; in turn, cell responses to supracellular tension require cell-cell adhesion.

Individual differences in generalization of aversive value (but not safety information) during human active avoidance learning specifically predict experience of anxiety and intrusive thoughts.

The anterior cingulate cortex intermixes a precise spatial map with a cognitive map of the task, and spontaneously recalls multimodal information about unrealized choice outcomes during pauses in behavior after reinforcements.

Serotonin, a neurotransmitter mostly studied in relation with emotions, also plays an important role in the control of episodic memories.

A brain-wide mapping of the direct inputs to striatal cholinergic and parvalbumin interneurons reveals connectivity differences and implies their distinct roles in regulating striatal function.

Stochastic tuning of gene expression could be a common mechanism through which eukaryotic cells adapt to challenging external environments, potentially including survival of infectious organisms within the host and adaptation of cancer cells to chemotherapy.