A new multistep hierarchical cascade controls activation of an integrative and conjugative element in a small subpopulation of cells in its bacterial host, yielding proficient DNA transferring cells.
A seminal protein from a mating-male can bind sperm previously stored in his mate, providing direct benefits to the sperm from the prior male that mated with her.
Operant drug self-administration in a mouse model of neuropathic pain reveals pain-relieving effects of a cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist that are mediated through CB2 receptors of neurons and lymphocytes.
Dopamine neurons in medial versus lateral VTA encode different signals during fear extinction, yet inhibition of both populations influences fear extinction, at different times.
Most ChAT-expressing interneurons are a subset VIP+ interneurons that differentially release GABA and acetylcholine onto different post-synaptic targets, while a separate population of non-VIP ChAT+ neurons release acetylcholine in mPFC.
TcMAC21 is an appropriate “next gen” mouse model for DS research, and provides a proof of concept of using artificial chromosomes to generate non-mosaic humanized animal models of chromosome disorders.
The secondary motor cortex causally contributes to flexible action selection during stimulus categorization with the representations of upcoming choice and sensory history regulated by the demand to remap stimulus–action association.
Human listeners rapidly form robust, long lasting (up to 7 weeks) memories of rarely encountered, featureless sound sequences presented among many similar stimuli.
