Early auditory cortex of nonhuman primates represents associations between sounds and actions, in both spiking activity and local field potentials.

Despite the fundamental relationship between movement and value, they are represented in a separable manner in dopamine neurons.

Lateral habenula neurons participate in motivated behavior via their activation by negative affective stimuli, a major source of which arises from the rostral entopeduncular nucleus.

Activity in the midbrain responds to unexpected changes in outcome identity (i.e. sensory prediction error) but does not scale with perceptual distance between expected and receipt reward.

Humans and other animals have different strategies for extracting the pitch of sounds, potentially driven by the species-specific frequency selectivity of the ear.

Retention of genetic diversity at immune-related loci drives the pattern of genetic variation in selfing Capsella.

Stimuli signaling reward availability potentiate and control relapse for up to 300 days of abstinence following cocaine, but not food, self-administration in rats.

During learning, human neural codes for experienced reward probability map onto the same mental number line for symbolic numbers.

Evidence for neuromodulatory control of flexibility in human neural models.

A model of signalling pathways interacting with proneural gene expression explains the sequential patterning of the largest visual processing centre in the developing Drosophila brain.