Mouse models in which hypoxia can be genetically triggered in retinal pigmented epithelial cells show that hypoxia-induced metabolic stress alone can lead to photoreceptor atrophy/dysfunction.

Neural retina-derived retinoic acids synthesized by Aldh1a1 control choroidal vascular development by regulating RPE-secreted VEGF.

Researchers have combined organ-on-a-chip engineering with the benefits of organoids to make improved models of the human retina.

A microphysiological system (retina-on-a-chip) shows the potential to promote drug development and provide new insights into the underlying pathology of retinal diseases.

Metabolic relationships between cells in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium are fundamental to retinal function, retinal disease and age-related vision loss and they may provide strategies for metabolism-based therapies.

3D niche topology imposes a spatially biased random stem cell loss, which is differentially fine-tuned in neural retina and retinal pigmented epithelium to regulate growth, shape, and cellular topology.

Genetic tools help to dissect the relationship between aerobic glycolysis and anabolic metabolism in the retinas of mice.