Neural representations are fast-evolving trajectories, and distinct components of these trajectories reappear during retrieval with distinct consequences for learning.

The retrieval of recent memories and very remote memories may rely on distinct regions of the hippocampus.

Upon retrieval, the angular gyrus recombines distinct, consolidated schema components into one memory representation.

Retrieval enhances fear memory through reconsolidation by activating calcineurin-induced protein degradation and CREB-mediated gene expression in amygdala, hippocampus, and mPFC.

Inhibitory noninvasive stimulation to the precuneus disrupts theta and gamma oscillatory coupling between medial temporal lobes and neocortical regions during complex personal memory retrieval.

Forgetting of remote fear memory is promoted by increased hippocampal neurogenesis only after hippocampal reactivation by long time memory retrieval.

The anterior and posterior parts of the hippocampus have distinct roles in the retrieval of contextual information in memories of recent experiences.

Noninvasive brain stimulation can artificially tag and retrieve human motor memories by altering the background activity patterns of the sensorimotor cortex.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate pattern analysis reveal remapping-like behavior during successful retrieval of competing environments, while unsuccessful retrieval is accompanied by reinstatement of interfering representations.

The ability of mice to encode new memories or retrieve existing ones can be selectively manipulated by using optogenetics to inhibit hippocampal activity at specific phases of the theta cycle.