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Thousands of novel open-reading frames (ORFs) are translated in the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including many short ORFs that are likely to contribute to cell fitness.

Thousands of "noncoding" RNAs, 5' "untranslated" regions, and pseudogenes in humans are actually translated, and some of these are likely to express functional proteins.

Unbiased mapping of viral open reading frames (ORFs) and transcripts in HHV-6 genomes uncovers novel ORFs and lncRNAs that are conserved across betaherpesviruses.

Combining ribosome profiling and RNA sequencing illuminates novel features of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus gene expression, including the regulation of polyprotein stoichiometry through temporal modulation of ribosomal frameshifting and the synthesis of non-canonical transcripts.

Rather than being a protein coding unit, an mRNA molecule can serve a purely regulatory function to inhibit protein synthesis of its corresponding gene.

Natural transmission experiments should be prioritised over risky and expensive field trials, in order to establish the impact of cattle vaccination on the transmission of bovine Tuberculosis.

Mutagenizing sequences enriched with promoter motifs creates gene expression de novo, and helps to understand promoter logic, regulatory evolution, and the birth of de novo genes.

Sloth1 and Sloth2 are two mitochondrial peptides that are translated from one transcript and are important for neuronal function in Drosophila.