Phylogenetic and computational methods reveal that at least two seasonal coronaviruses are evolving adaptively in the region of the viral spike protein exposed to the human humoral immune system.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit antibodies that cross-react with other human coronavirus spike proteins, indicating the spike S2 subdomain as a potential target strategy to develop a pan-coronavirus vaccine.

MERS-CoV infections in the Arabian Peninsula are the result of several hundred spillover events from viruses circulating in camels into the human population.

Model-inference reconstructed SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in South Africa during March 2020 to February 2022, and quantified the immune erosion potential and transmissibility of three major variants (Beta, Delta, and Omicron), highlighting their common characteristics and the need for more proactive preparedness.

Viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, retain infectivity longer at low temperatures and extreme relative humidities because these conditions slow down the chemical reactions that inactivate those viruses.

Key numbers about the biology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the infection of a single human host by the virus have been compiled from the peer-reviewed literature.

Experiments with hybrid viruses are illuminating how SARS-CoV-2 can escape neutralizing antibodies.

Persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and reactivation of unrelated latent viruses may play a role in the development and pathogenesis of long COVID, and future research should focus on identifying the mechanisms behind these interactions.

Patterns of monocyte and dendritic cell mobilization and function during human respiratory viral infections are tissue-specific and pathogen-specific, and future studies must perform comparative investigations in blood and the site of infection for a comprehensive assessment of immune responses.