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Drosophila flies infer value to olfactory stimuli based on the previously repeatedly presented associative structure between two odorants.

A whole brain analysis using human neuroimaging data shows neural correlates of individual differences in conditioned fear.

Measures of visuocortical activity during aversive generalization learning revealed sharpened representations of facial identity, reflecting inhibitory interactions between neuronal populations that represent facial features associated with threat versus safety.

Perceived imminence of threat and resulting intensity of defensive responses during serial compound stimulus conditioning are determined by auditory stimulus salience, not cue sequence as recently reported.

Bayesian integration is able to predict placebo treatment outcomes by focusing especially on the influence of the precision of expectations.

Combining computational models with FMRI in humans during pain reversal learning reveals parallel pain modulatory brain circuits that differ in their flexibility and sensitivity to instructions.

While selective abortion of female fetuses is documented within China and India, it is also significant among Asian diaspora in Canada, US, UK and Australia, particularly among Indian diaspora for second or third births following earlier girl birth(s).

GluA4-containing AMPA receptors are required for effective excitation of cerebellar granule cells and enable expansion coding and associative learning.

Discrimination of predictive and non-predictive fear stimuli requires plasticity in the lateral amygdala that is regulated by midbrain dopamine neurons.

The extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core is progressively diminished by white noise, an underutilized, easy-to-titrate aversive stimulus, but is unaffected by white-noise intensity, context valence, and associated probabilistic contingencies.