Clear guidelines and open-source software resources are provided for the stop-signal task, in order to streamline the use of this important tool, and to thereby increase its validity and reliability.

Exposing male mice to nicotine or cocaine enables their male offspring to cope with high doses of either, which suggests that such paternal effects are generic, rather than being a response to a specific type of stress.

A novel paternal effect based on nicotine exposure reveals that offspring exhibit an adaptive, yet nonspecific, resistance to multiple toxins.

Prefrontal dopamine regulates inhibition of fear extinction circuits in the infralimbic cortex and disinhibition of fear expression circuits in the amygdala, leading to fear reinstatement.

Cumulative exposure to adverse childhood experiences is associated with lower adult resilience among women in a dose-dependent manner, independent of adult socioeconomic factors and social support, indicating that adult female resilience is consolidated in early life.

Genetically diverse rats reveal a single underlying construct linking key addiction-like behaviors, challenging compulsivity as an independent measure, and offering a new perspective on vulnerability and resilience to addiction.

The findings have a major impact in understanding the different reward systems involved in two types of addictive behavior, and these advances have implications for prevention and treatment.

Building on previous work (Huang et al., 2016), we show that translational control by p-eIF2α is a defense mechanism that prevents persistent cocaine-induced synaptic synaptic potentiation underlying compulsive drug seeking.

An evolutionarily conserved mechanism involving translational control by p-eIF2α underlies vulnerability to nicotine addiction.