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Impaired GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic function and loss of interneurons in the amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum cause characteristic disease symptoms in a mouse model juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Caenorhabditis elegans studies indicate that gain-of-function mutations in the presynaptic voltage-gated calcium, associated with familial hemiplegic migraine in humans, result in excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in the nervous system.

Vps29 promotes retromer localization in the adult Drosophila brain, engaging Rab7 and TBC1D5, and its loss triggers age-dependent neuronal impairments in endolysosomal trafficking and synaptic transmission.

Extracellular levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate are maintained at physiologically significant levels at some synapses even in the absence of action potentials.

Synaptic glutamate release is potentiated by short metabolic failure whereas longer durations of energy depletion lead to a postsynaptic failure of synaptic transmission.

Fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing interneurons generate slow spillover-mediated GABAergic transmission to young adult-born and neighboring mature neurons of the dentate gyrus.

Co-release of the functionally opposing fast neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, from distinct synaptic vesicles within the same supramammillary synaptic terminal modulates dentate granule cell firing in a frequency-dependent manner.

MCTP is a novel presynaptic calcium sensor, resident within the endoplasmic reticulum, that is required for normal baseline neurotransmission, short-term synaptic plasticity and presynaptic homeostatic plasticity.

A postsynaptic, intracellular, scaffolding protein is necessary to build neuronal gap junctions, revealing an unanticipated complexity of molecular and functional organization of electrical synapses.

Oxytocin, a peptide linked to the processing of socially meaningful stimuli, modulates excitatory synaptic transmission in dopaminergic neurons of ventral tegmental area via retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, acting as a pathway-specific temporal filter for synaptic inputs.