Synonymous mutations can have highly variable fitness effects stemming from changes in transcription, some of which contribute to adaptation.

Codon optimization through biased synonymous substitutions is a characteristic feature of the genomes of generalist fungal parasites and is associated with the colonization of multiple hosts.

Superfamilies of trans-species small RNAs from the parasitic plant Cuscuta have sequence variation that correspond to synonymous site variation in host plant target mRNAs.

Subterranean isopods endemic to regions with large igneous rock formations have a higher mutation rate and display an excess of mutations that are typical of an oxidative stress.

The activity patterns of populations of neurons in the retina are organized as semantic clusters (analogous to synonyms), in which component patterns bear little physical resemblance to one another but convey the same meaning.

Proteases from diverse viruses, the first described pathogen-encoded activators of human NLRP1, cleave NLRP1 at a sequence that mimics the viral polyprotein, resulting in inflammasome activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release.

Deep mutagenesis reveals that mutations rarely alter the inclusion of highly-included exons.

An analysis of influenza viruses from naturally infected people suggests a tight transmission bottleneck and little positive selection within hosts.

Background selection and GC-biased gene conversion impact the human genome to a much larger extent than previously recognized in low and high recombination rate regions, respectively.

An in-depth metagenomic analysis of possibly the most abundant and widespread microbial lineage in the surface ocean teases apart evolutionary processes that maintain its genomic heterogeneity and biogeography.