The two most commonly used chemogenetic actuators, clozapine-N-oxide and compound 21, similarly modulate sleep in wild-type laboratory mice indicating that even designer drugs which do not convert to clozapine can elicit behavioural effects and require adequate controls.

Direct- and indirect pathway neurons of the posterior striatum display divergent in vivo and ex vivo plasticity after fear learning, and differentially modulate defensive behaviors displayed in the presence, and absence of threat-predicting sensory cues.

The first comprehensive map of all excitatory inputs to the mouse striatum is presented and used to define and demarcate striatal subdivisions, including a previous unappreciated novel subdivision in the posterior striatum.

Parasites with pathogenic variant surface antigens are common in adult malaria patients with a naive immune status.

Dopamine signals in the ventral, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral striatum are modulated by various variables, such as stimulus-associated value, choice, confidence, but these modulations can be inclusively explained by TD errors.

SI topographic finger maps of older adults show signs of cortical aging but do not show classical hallmarks of cortical de-differentiation.

The sense of smell of female hawkmoths has evolved to find the intense odor of floral nectar sources as well as inconspicuous scents of oviposition sites within a complex olfactory landscape.

Validated mathematical relationships between motoneuron morphometric and electrophysiological properties are provided as a tool for neuroscientists and modellers to generate hypotheses for experimental studies investigating currently unreported relationships and build virtual motoneuron profiles with consistent properties for modelling purposes.

Newly recovered lumbar vertebrae belonging to Malapa Hominin 2, an adult female of the fossil hominin species Australopithecus sediba, demonstrate that this individual was adapted to upright posture and bipedal locomotion but also had adaptations for climbing in trees.

The conductance-based encoding model creates a new bridge between statistical models and biophysical models of neurons, and infers visually-evoked excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances from spike trains in macaque retina.