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Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in mice encodes the rate and magnitude of rapid environmental luminance changes rather than visual stimulus novelty or threat intensity.

Cell-type-specific circuit analysis reveals a highly polysynaptic pattern of excitatory feedforward connections along the somatosensory-to-motor loop, from cuneate via VPL thalamus to S1 and M1 cortex and corticospinal neurons.

The universal bacteria cell wall component peptidoglycan impacts the egg-laying behavior of infected Drosophila females by directly modulating the activity of few brain octopaminergic neurons.

The protein UNC-8 is a neuronal activity sensor that triggers the elimination of synapses during development of the nervous system.

During the evolution of insect lineages, a signaling pathway dedicated to pathogen defense was co-opted for a new role in embryonic patterning.

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons and a cortex-like structure called the arcopallium form part of a circuit that enables young songbirds to compare their own song with a template stored in memory, and use any discrepancies to improve their performance.

A communication pathway linking memory processing and feeding behavior exists between the gut hormone ghrelin, the hippocampus and the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin.

HGF derived from fibroblasts is critical for complete muscularization of the mammalian diaphragm, and loss-of-function experiments reveal that partial muscularization of the diaphragm is not sufficient to cause congenital diaphragmatic hernias.

Neural network modeling shows that hierarchical application of the simple computational principle of predicting future sensory input from its past can capture features of visual motion processing from the retina to the visual cortex.

Ultra-high field neuroimaging dissects the ventral medial geniculate body (vMGB) of the primary auditory pathway from other MGB subregions and reveals that vMGB top-down modulation is relevant for speech recognition.