Glutamate neurotransmission from hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus is indispensable for leptin action in pubertal development and typical reproduction.

Foxb1-expressing hypothalamic neurons in the parvafox nucleus and the dorsal premammillary nucleus both contribute to behavioral and physiological components associated with defensive behavior.

The most comprehensive neuroanatomical atlas on the expression of three glycoprotein hormone receptors, namely, TSHRs, LHCGRs, and FSHRs, was mapped using RNAscope, a technology that allows the detection of mRNA at single-transcript level.

The hippocampus controls context-dependent defensive behaviors through the anterior hypothalamus, a major component of the medial hypothalamic defense system, by retrieving contextual information essential for avoiding predatory threats and escaping to a safe shelter.

The anterior cingulate cortex provides predictive relationships between the context and the predator threat and influences the acquisition and expression of fear memory to predatory threat.

Activity in the hypothalamic dorsal premammillary nucleus predicts future escape from threat, represents escape velocity, and controls escape velocity via a projection to the brainstem.

Input conveying social novelty information from the hypothalamus controls hippocampal activity by recruiting a novel inhibitory circuit in hippocampal area CA2.

Distinct dorsal periaqueductal gray ensembles encode threat approach and avoidance behavioral states.

Placing the PACAP/PAC1 signaling within glutamate/GABA cell type and subregional contexts in mouse brain reveals its conspicuous role for sensorimotor circuit interaction through modulating neuronal plasticity.

Single cell RNA–sequencing and neuroanatomical methods reveal unexpected molecular diversity and highly segregated spatial organization of neuronal cell types within the mouse ventral posterior hypothalamus, including the mammillary nuclei.