Genetic and pharmacological approaches demonstrate that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide neurons from the ventral premamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus regulate reproductive function by modulating the activity of a subset of Kiss1 neurons in the female mouse.

Glutamate neurotransmission from hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus is indispensable for leptin action in pubertal development and typical reproduction.

The most comprehensive neuroanatomical atlas on the expression of three glycoprotein hormone receptors, namely, TSHRs, LHCGRs, and FSHRs, was mapped using RNAscope, a technology that allows the detection of mRNA at single-transcript level.

Single cell RNA–sequencing and neuroanatomical methods reveal unexpected molecular diversity and highly segregated spatial organization of neuronal cell types within the mouse ventral posterior hypothalamus, including the mammillary nuclei.

The anterior cingulate cortex provides predictive relationships between the context and the predator threat and influences the acquisition and expression of fear memory to predatory threat.

Activity in the hypothalamic dorsal premammillary nucleus predicts future escape from threat, represents escape velocity, and controls escape velocity via a projection to the brainstem.

Foxb1-expressing hypothalamic neurons in the parvafox nucleus and the dorsal premammillary nucleus both contribute to behavioral and physiological components associated with defensive behavior.

Placing the PACAP/PAC1 signaling within glutamate/GABA cell type and subregional contexts in mouse brain reveals its conspicuous role for sensorimotor circuit interaction through modulating neuronal plasticity.

A mouse model that grew without functional leptin receptors until adulthood reveals that early defects in leptin signaling lead to permanent metabolic and developmental problems.

The hippocampus controls context-dependent defensive behaviors through the anterior hypothalamus, a major component of the medial hypothalamic defense system, by retrieving contextual information essential for avoiding predatory threats and escaping to a safe shelter.