To improve the reliability of transmitting small single-photon voltage responses, rod photoreceptor cells release synaptic vesicles in regularly timed multivesicular events that are exquisitely sensitive to small voltage changes.

Molecular labeling, electrophysiology and calcium imaging have revealed a novel switching of neurotransmitter at the frog neuromuscular junction where motoneurons transiently release glutamate before acetylcholine at synapses on developing hindlimb muscles at the onset of metamorphosis.

The molecular mechanisms by which midbrain dopamine neurons acquire the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA for synaptic release are revealed.

Pheromones activate excitatory and inhibitory pathways that are integrated to guide mating decisions in Drosophila melanogaster.

Activation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) pauses or disrupts behavior, while STN inhibition reduces the disruptive effects of surprise, indicating that STN activation is both sufficient and necessary for behavioral inhibition.

Single synaptic vesicle imaging shows that kinetically distinct endocytic pathways are differentially regulated by calcium and temperature, and influence the fidelity of synaptic vesicle protein retrieval.

Vglut2-based glutamatergic signaling in central noradrenergic neurons is dispensable for baseline breathing and hypercapnic, hypoxic chemosensory reflexes, which challenges the current understanding of central noradrenergic neurons in breathing control.

Whole endosome recording shows that chloride interacts with vesicular glutamate transporters as both allosteric activator and permeant ion, and although the mode of permeation differs, chloride and glutamate use a related conduction pathway.

Two different forms of brain plasticity require astrocytes and show different action mechanisms at enthorrinal cortex hippocampal synapses.

T3 is taken up by axonal termini and is retrogradely transported into endosomal vesicles to the cell nucleus, where it regulates gene expression.