L. interrogans utilizes endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems for transcytosis across endothelial or epithelial barrier in blood vessels or renal tubules, which contributes to spreading and transmission of leptospirosis.
The spatial and dynamic properties of self-motion signals are acquired at the first stage of otolith signal transformation, which is in the brainstem and cerebellum, and conserved across brainstem, cerebellar and cortical areas.
An unbiased model for the self-organisation of the Golgi apparatus displays either anterograde vesicular transport or cisternal maturation depending on ratios of budding, fusion and biochemical conversion rates.
Central vestibular regions in the brainstem and cerebellum perform dynamic Bayesian inference to combine motor commands and sensory signals into an optimal estimate of self-motion.
The morphology of the inner ear distinguishes major anthropoid clades and enables the proposal of various shared-derived features for apes as a whole, lesser apes, and great apes and humans.
Zebrafish use their sense of gravity and their cerebellum to coordinate the fin and body movements that, as they develop, allow them to better maintain balance as they climb.
Down regulation of the gain from the vestibular sensory sources prior to the initiation of movement is a motor control solution to overcome the reflex-stabilizing mechanisms to enable motion from a postural orientation.
