Direct- and indirect pathway neurons of the posterior striatum display divergent in vivo and ex vivo plasticity after fear learning, and differentially modulate defensive behaviors displayed in the presence, and absence of threat-predicting sensory cues.

Computational modeling suggests that feedback between striatal cholinergic neurons and spiny neurons dynamically adjusts learning rates to optimize behavior in a variable world.

Electron-microscopy reconstruction and experimental investigation in Drosophila reveal how adaptive action emerges from the multi-level interactions between the output of the olfactory memory center and the innate olfactory pathway.

Electrophysiological recordings and a large-scale biophysical model show that a unique inhibitory neuron plays a central role in structuring olfactory codes in the insect brain.

Cancer cells can grow in vitro and in vivo in the absence of maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK).

The inferior colliculus integrates auditory and cognitive functions, playing critical roles in sensory prediction, reward processing, and decision-making beyond its traditional role as a sensory relay.

Comparing the white-footed deermouse with mice and rats in an inflammation model reveals a means for the observed infection tolerance in this key animal reservoir for several human diseases.

The transcriptional cofactor HPK-1 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase) functions as a key regulator of multiple proteostatic stress responses, each originating from discrete neuronal subtypes within the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system to preserve neuronal health and maintain organismal proteostasis during normal aging.

A novel methodology, using diversity search AI algorithms, for exploring the space of possible behaviors of gene regulatory networks, from the perspective of generic problem-solving agents navigating their environment.

The basal ganglia may preferentially influence movements based on internal goals rather than those guided by external stimuli.