Responses to local and global violations in sound sequences are prediction errors and not simply the consequence of stimulus-specific adaptation.

The anterior cingulate cortex intermixes a precise spatial map with a cognitive map of the task, and spontaneously recalls multimodal information about unrealized choice outcomes during pauses in behavior after reinforcements.

The ability of Manduca moths to recognize changes in the profile of volatile compounds released by plants being attacked by Manduca caterpillars allows them to lay their eggs on plants that are less likely to be attacked by insects and other predators, and to avoid competing against other caterpillars of the same species for resources.

A 2-year field study has demonstrated that volatile compounds produced by plants when they are attacked by herbivores act as defenses by attracting predators to the herbivores and increasing the reproduction of the plants.

Problematic design features in the stop-signal task for the massive Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study undermine analyses of the shared data, but can be mitigated with proposed solutions.

Dopamine signaling in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis supports sign-tracking, reinforcer-specific satiety, and encodes reward prediction errors.

In the zebrafish spinal cord, mixed synapses contribute to neuronal connectivity and resting excitability, which helps explain violations of the well-known 'size principle' of recruitment.

The brown planthopper has evolved a highly adaptive oviposition strategy by exploiting caterpillar-induced plant volatiles that provide safe havens for its offspring.

A moth can detect plant volatiles using an odorant receptor expressing in its ovipositor, and this odorant receptor has a much higher expression level in the ovipositor than antennae.

Hamilton's rule can be violated when costs and benefits of cooperation are defined using the counterfactual method, and when they depend on the cooperation of others.