Metabolic exaptation of an anaplerotic nitrogen cycle between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells may explain the remarkably frequent convergent evolution of C4 photosynthesis.

Multiobjective artificial selection methods from evolutionary computing show promise for improving directed evolution outcomes when selecting for multiple traits of interest.

Replicating experimental evolution from ancestral proteins shows that historical contingency steadily overwhelms chance and necessity as the primary cause of evolutionary variation in molecular sequences on long phylogenetic timescales.

Phylogenetic relationships between viral RNA segments are distinct between subtypes and lineages of seasonal human influenza A viruses and implicate RNA-RNA relationships as novel drivers of influenza virus evolution.

In the dioecious plant genus Leucadendron, shifts to sex-biased gene expression occurred predominantly in genes with ancestrally high rates of expression evolution, and were not correlated with morphology.

The behavioral repertoires from six species of flies are measured, and a statistical approach is developed to predict co-evolving behaviors, providing a potential framework for exploring behavioral evolution.

In teleost fishes, the independent evolution of electrosensory systems was repeatedly associated with evolutionary changes in brain region scaling that were independent of changes in brain–body allometry.

The eggshells of palaeognath birds (e.g. ostrich, moa, kiwi, emu) have diverse homology and convergent features, and are useful modern analogues for the evolution of non-avian dinosaur eggshells.

Integration of evolutionary dynamics framed through a mathematical model improved outcomes in abiraterone monotherapy for the treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

Irreversible differentiation into somatic cells is evolutionarily optimal if changing cell phenotype is costly, a few somatic cells already improve the organism's performance, and the organism is large enough.