NMDA receptors mediate prominent supralinear summation of clustered excitatory inputs to the dendrites of neurogliaform and oriens-lacunosum moleculare interneurons of the hippocampus, showing that these cells perform sub-cellular computations.

Analysis of Cabp1/2 double knockout phyenotype and rescue by viral delivery of Cabp2 identifies the interplay between two CaBPs to promote sustained synaptic transmission at the inner hair cell synapses.

In astrocytes, there exists an intrinsic spatial threshold of subcellular calcium levels that triggers an astrocyte calcium surge throughout the cell, demonstrating cellular astrocyte calcium integration of time and space.