A genetic toolkit for tagging intronic MiMIC containing genes
Abstract
Previously, we described a large collection of Minos-Mediated Integration Cassettes (MiMICs) that contain two phiC31 recombinase target sites and allow the generation of a new exon that encodes a protein tag when the MiMIC is inserted in a codon intron (Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al., 2015). These modified genes permit numerous applications including assessment of protein expression pattern, identification of protein interaction partners by immunoprecipitation followed by mass spec, and reversible removal of the tagged protein in any tissue. At present, these conversions remain time and labor-intensive as they require embryos to be injected with plasmid DNA containing the exon tag. In this study, we describe a simple and reliable genetic strategy to tag genes/proteins that contain MiMIC insertions using an integrated exon encoding GFP flanked by FRT sequences. We document the efficiency and tag 60 mostly uncharacterized genes.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08469.001Introduction
One of the most powerful techniques for characterizing gene function is to generate transgenic animals in which an epitope tag such as GFP has been fused to the gene at its normal genomic location (Ross-Macdonald et al., 1999; Morin et al., 2001; Skarnes et al., 2004). These tagged proteins are extremely useful as they permit determination of protein localization in vivo as well as conditional, tissue specific, temporal and reversible removal of the tagged proteins (Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al., 2015). However, previous methods for generating protein trap alleles in Drosophila have allowed only about 800 genes to be successfully tagged (Kelso et al., 2004; Buszczak et al., 2007; Quinones-Coello et al., 2007; Aleksic et al., 2009; Lowe et al., 2014).
We previously developed a flexible system for engineering the Drosophila genome using the Minos-Mediated Integration Cassette (MiMIC) transposable element. We generated 15,660 strains with a single MiMIC inserted at random within the fly genome and mapped their insertion site (Bellen et al., 2011; Venken et al., 2011; Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al., 2015). MiMIC carries sequences that function as a gene and protein trap when inserted in the proper orientation in a coding intron. Moreover, its content can be replaced by Recombination-Mediated Cassette Exchange (RMCE) leading to the introduction of any desired DNA, such as an artificial exon that encodes a protein tag. This approach can potentially be used to tag thousands of genes. Currently, 2854 existing insertions are located within the coding introns of 1862 distinct genes (Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al., 2015), and MiMIC-like elements can now be placed in any gene of interest by CRISPR (Zhang et al., 2014). Unfortunately, the RMCE method needed to convert these insertions into functional protein traps requires embryonic injections of an appropriate donor DNA and screening of many offspring to identify the desired events, a labor and cost-intensive procedure that does not scale easily. We therefore developed a more efficient and economical in vivo genetic tagging methodology that can in principle be used to generate protein trap alleles of all Drosophila genes.
Results and discussion
We developed a genetic strategy that allows the desired RMCE event to take place efficiently without the need for microinjection. The method uses FLP recombinase to release a genomically integrated DNA flanked by FRT sites into the nucleoplasm where it can efficiently undergo phiC31 integrase-mediated cassette exchange, as shown by Gohl et al. (2011). As shown in Figure 1A, we engineered three donor cassettes, one for each reading frame. The core, which contains a splice acceptor (SA) followed by a (GGS)4 flexible linker, multiple tags (EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag {GFSTF}), another (GGS)4 flexible linker, and a splice donor (SD), is flanked by two inverted attB sites for phiC31-mediated RMCE (Venken et al., 2011). We then cloned this cassette core between tandem FRT sites in a P-element transformation vector (Gong and Golic, 2003). FLP-mediated recombination between the tandem FRT sites excises a circular donor DNA molecule from its initial genetic locus, promoting its efficient recombination with a distal target site (Golic et al., 1997). A mini-white eye color marker gene between our donor cassette and one of the FRT sites allows us to monitor the presence or absence of the donor cassette in FLP recombinase-containing stocks.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/08469%2Felife-08469-fig1-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Schematic of flippase and phiC31 integrase mediated in vivo protein tagging.
(A) Flp mediated generation of circular DNA with tag sequences. Donor line carries a source of Flp recombinase and phiC31 integrase, and the core cassette for a specific phase (0, 1, or 2) encoding a (GGS)4 flexible linker (L), multiple tags EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag (GFSTF), another (GGS)4 flexible linker, and a splice donor (SD), which is flanked by two inverted attB and two FRT sites oriented in that same direction. Upon Flp expression, the core is flipped out as a circular DNA containing one FRT site. (B) In vivo integration of tag sequence into Minos-Mediated Integration Cassette (MiMIC) locus. At a MiMIC locus in a coding intron, the MiMIC gene trap cassette is replaced by L-EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag-L sequence by phiC31 integrase resulting in loss of yellow+ marker.
-
Figure 1—source data 1
List of constructs.
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08469.003
-
Figure 1—source data 2
List of fly strains generated.
Stocks #1 to 6 are stocks that contain the GFSTF construct (phase 0, 1, and 2) for tagging genes/proteins that map to chromosome II and III. Stocks # 7: FRT cassette maps to chromosome 2 and contains phase 0 construct; #8: FRT cassette maps to chromosome 2 and contains phase 1 construct; #9: FRT cassette maps to chromosome 2 and contains phase 2 construct; #10: FRT cassette maps to chromosome 3 and contains phase 0 construct; #11: FRT cassette maps to chromosome 3 and contains phase 1 construct; #12 FRT cassette maps to chromosome 3 and contains phase 2 construct.
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08469.004
We created 6 stocks (Figure 1—source data 2), each harboring one of the three donor transgenes located on the second or third chromosome, and a heat shock-inducible FLP recombinase and a germ line-expressed phiC31 integrase on the X-chromosome. Because the heat shock-inducible FLP recombinase is somewhat leaky at 18°C, the donor transgene is lost from these stocks at a low frequency, resulting in rare white-eyed flies, which we periodically discard.
To initiate RMCE, we crossed the appropriate donor flies to MiMIC-containing flies and heat shocked the resulting embryos and larvae (Figure 2). Within the primordial germ cells of some of the embryos and larvae, phiC31 integrase catalyzed recombination between attB sites in the donor and attP sites in the MiMIC transposon. The positive RMCE events were selected based on the loss of the y + marker present in the original MiMIC (Figure 2). We confirmed the integration and orientation of the donor cassette by PCR as described in Venken et al. (2011). Typically, 50% of the integration events are in the proper orientation.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/08469%2Felife-08469-fig2-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Crossing scheme for generating EGFP tagged MiMIC lines.
Females carrying the hs-FLP and vasa-phiC31 integrase on the X-chromosome, and the FRT flanked multiple tag (GFSTF) cassette on the II-chromosome are crossed to males carrying a MiMIC insertion in a coding intron of a gene on the III-chromosome. The resulting embryos are heat shocked, and adult progeny with the desired genotype are crossed with flies carrying appropriate balancers. The resulting progeny is screened for the loss of white+ and yellow+ and crossed to flies carrying appropriate balancers to establish stocks, which are then verified by PCR assay.
We observed one to ten RMCE events in 93 out of 113 attempts in our initial trial when we set up 3–7 crosses (Cross 2 in Figure 2). After PCR screening, 60/93 of the tested MiMICs allowed integration of at least one donor in the proper orientation to tag the endogenous gene (Supplementary file 1). In summary, we set up 3–7 vials for each starting cross and obtained 60/113 tagged genes. Since the efficiency of RMCE and the ease of detecting yellow− progeny vary between different starting sites, we propose to set up 10–20 vials and to score more progeny to improve the success rate. The method has been found to work for a wide variety of genes including a gene located in a telomeric region (lethal giant larvae (l(2)gl)), suggesting that there may be few limitations in its applicability.
To ensure that the expression pattern and protein distribution correspond to the endogenous protein, we costained two tagged lines with GFP for which specific monoclonal antibodies are available: Eyes shut (Eys) (mAb 21A6,) and Delta (Dl) (mAb C594.9B) (Figure 3A). In both cases, the protein recognized by the mAb colocalizes with the GFP and match the described expression patterns (Das et al., 2013; Haltom et al., 2014). Note, however, that the GFP tagged Eys protein is present in the cytoplasm of the photoreceptors and the inter-rhabdomere spaces (IRS) of the photoreceptors, whereas the mAb against Eys mostly localizes to the IRS (Figure 3A). These data are in agreement with what we previously observed for numerous tagged proteins (Venken et al., 2011; Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al., 2015).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/08469%2Felife-08469-fig3-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Expression of EGFP tagged protein in various tissues.
(A) Colocalization of GFP tagged proteins with gene specific antibodies: anti-GFP signals (green) show colocalization with anti-Eys (red) in inter-rhabdomere space in adult eye (top panel) and anti-Delta (blue) in L3 eye imaginal disc in bottom panel. Scale bars, 2 μm and 5 μm. (B) Examples of EGFP expression pattern in different tissues from third instar larvae: brain; l(2)gl (A), Dl (B), twins (tws) (C), Sap-r (E), Rgk3 (F), and Hrb98DE (G), wing imaginal disc: kay (D), hindgut: CG10086 (H), and cells of the cuticle: CG5656 (I). Scale bars 100 μm. (A–I, except G), 25 μm (G). Eys, eyes shut.
We stained third instar larval brains and discs for the 60 tagged gene/proteins. The examples, shown in Figure 3B, include lethal (2) giant larvae (l(2)gl) (a), Delta (Dl) (b), and twins (tws) (c) whose expression patterns are consistent with published data (Kooh et al., 1993; Albertson and Doe, 2003; Chabu and Doe, 2009). Similarly, kayak/fos (kay) is expressed in wing disc nuclei (d) as described earlier (Zeitlinger and Bohmann, 1999). The expression pattern of the remaining genes has not been previously described (Figure 3B): Saposin-related (Sap-r) is expressed in a subset of cells in larval brain (e), Rad, Gem/Kir family member 3 (Rgk3) is enriched in mushroom body in L3 larval brain (f), Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein at 98DE (Hrb98DE) is expressed in L3 larval brain (g), CG10086 is expressed in hindgut (h), and CG5656 is expressed in the cells of the cuticle (i). The expression patterns of all these genes as well as all the genes listed in Supplementary file 1 are documented in the MiMIC RMCE database at http://flypush.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu/pscreen/rmce/.
In summary, we developed a genetic tagging strategy that will greatly facilitate the EGFP tagging of nearly 2000 genes that already carry MiMIC insertions (Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al., 2015). The same strategies can also be used for tagging genes with other protein tags. In addition, a similar strategy based on lox sites instead of FRT cassettes has recently been developed to integrate an artificial exon carrying the GAL4 gene in MiMICs inserted in coding introns (Diao et al., 2015). These insertions are mutagenic but permit the expression of the endogenous wild-type and mutant cDNAs of Drosophila as well as other species under the control of UAS. Moreover, these tagging methods can now be combined with CRISPR directed integration of attP carrying cassettes similar to MiMIC in coding introns to tag almost every gene in Drosophila (Zhang et al., 2014).
Material and methods
Cloning
Request a detailed protocolThe core cassettes (attB-SA- phase 0/1/2-[GGS]4-EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag-[GGS]4-SD-attB) for Phase 0,1, or 2 were excised from pBS-KS-attB1-2-PT-SA-SD-0-EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag, pBS-KS-attB1-2-PT-SA-SD-1-EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag, or pBS-KS-attB1-2-PT-SA-SD-2-EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag as NheI/NsiI fragments and subcloned into P-element vector pW35 (DGRC) between PstI/AvrII to create final donor vectors pW35-FRT-attB-SA-phase 0-(GGS)4-EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag-(GGS)4-SD-attB-white+-FRT, pW35-FRT-attB-SA-phase 1-(GGS)4-EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag-(GGS)4-SD-attB-white+-FRT and pW35-FRT-attB-SA-phase 2-(GGS)4-EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEVcs-3xFlag-(GGS)4-SD-attB-white+-FRT.
In vivo tagging
Request a detailed protocolAround 15–20 phase-specific homozygous donor females (P{ry+t7.2= hsFLP}12, y1w*M{vas-int.B}ZH-2A; P{FRT-attB-{GFSTF}-attB(w+)-FRT}; Pri1/TM6B, Tb1 or P{ry+t7.2 = hsFLP}12, y1 w*M{vas-int.B}ZH-2A; S1/CyO; P{FRT-attB-{GFSTF}-attB (w+)-FRT}) were crossed with 5–10 males carrying MiMIC insertion in coding intron (y1 w*; Mi[MIC y+] geneMI/Mi[MIC y+] geneMI or balancer). Crosses were transferred to new vials every third day and constantly kept at 18°C. Vials with progeny embryos and larvae were heat shocked on day 3, 4, and 5 for 20 minutes at 37°C in a water bath and raised at 25°C. About 5–7 vials with a pool of 5 F1 males with mosaic red eyes and yellow body were crossed with 10–15 virgins of y1w67c23; In(2LR)Gla, wgGla−1/SM6a or y1w*; D/TM6b, Hu, Tb. Transgenic F2 progeny were screened for loss of yellow+ (yellow-phenotype) and subsequently crossed to virgins of y1w67c23; In(2LR)Gla, wgGla−1/SM6a or y1w*; D/TM3,Sb, Tb to establish stocks. Correct RMCE events were confirmed by PCR assay as described in Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al., 2015.
Immunostaining
Request a detailed protocolBriefly, third instar larvae were dissected for larval brains, imaginal discs, and gut in 1xPBS and fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature and washed in 0.2% Triton X-100 (Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al., 2015). They were then incubated for 1 hr at RT in 10% NGS-PBS-0.2% Triton X-100 and stained with primary antibodies diluted in 10% NGS-PBS-0.2% Triton X-100 overnight at 4°C. The samples were washed and incubated with secondary antibodies for 2 hr at RT. The samples were then washed and mounted in Vectashield (Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA) and imaged with a Zeiss LSM710 confocal microscope and processed using Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).
Antibodies used
Request a detailed protocolPrimary antibodies used: rabbit anti-GFP 1:1000 (Life Technologies, A11122), mouse anti-Delta 1:1000 (C594.9B, DSHB [Qi et al., 1999]), and mouse anti-Eys 1:250 (21A6, DSHB [Fujita et al., 1982]). Secondary antibodies used: Alexa 488 (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY), Cy5 and Cy3 conjugated antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) were used at 1:500.
References
-
Dlg, Scrib and Lgl regulate neuroblast cell size and mitotic spindle asymmetryNature Cell Biology 5:166–170.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb922
-
Twins/PP2A regulates aPKC to control neuroblast cell polarity and self-renewalDevelopmental Biology 330:399–405.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.04.014
-
Monoclonal antibodies against the Drosophila nervous systemProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 79:7929–7933.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.24.7929
-
FLP-mediated DNA mobilization to specific target sites in Drosophila chromosomesNucleic Acids Research 25:3665–3671.https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.18.3665
-
Ends-out, or replacement, gene targeting in DrosophilaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 100:2556–2561.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0535280100
-
Flytrap, a database documenting a GFP protein-trap insertion screen in Drosophila melanogasterNucleic Acids Research 32:D418–D420.https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh014
-
Implications of dynamic patterns of Delta and Notch expression for cellular interactions during Drosophila developmentDevelopment 117:493–507.
-
A protein trap strategy to detect GFP-tagged proteins expressed from their endogenous loci in DrosophilaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 98:15050–15055.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.261408198
-
A public gene trap resource for mouse functional genomicsNature Genetics 36:543–544.https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0604-543
-
Thorax closure in Drosophila: involvement of Fos and the JNK pathwayDevelopment 126:3947–3956.
Article and author information
Author details
Funding
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) (RO1GM067858)
- Pei-Tseng Lee
- Wen-Wen Lin
- Zhongyuan Zuo
- Jiangxing Lv
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) (HHMI)
- Sonal Nagarkar-Jaiswal
- Hongling Pan
- Allan C Spradling
- Hugo J Bellen
Helen Hay Whitney Foundation (Postdoctoral fellowship)
- Steven Z DeLuca
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Acknowledgements
We thank Qiaohong Gao, Zhihua Wang, and Paolo Mangahas for technical help. We thank Karen L Schulze and Megan E Campbell for comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by NIGMS R01GM067858. Confocal microscopy was supported by NICHD 1U54HD083092 to the Baylor College of Medicine Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center. We thank the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC) for numerous stocks. HJB and AS are Investigators of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. SZD is supported by a Helen Hay Whitney Foundation postdoctoral fellowship.
Copyright
© 2015, Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
Metrics
-
- 7,204
- views
-
- 1,833
- downloads
-
- 126
- citations
Views, downloads and citations are aggregated across all versions of this paper published by eLife.
Download links
Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)
Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)
Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)
Further reading
-
- Cell Biology
Epithelial damage leads to early reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, which regulates sensory neuron regeneration and tissue repair. How the initial type of tissue injury influences early damage signaling and regenerative growth of sensory axons remains unclear. Previously we reported that thermal injury triggers distinct early tissue responses in larval zebrafish. Here, we found that thermal but not mechanical injury impairs sensory axon regeneration and function. Real-time imaging revealed an immediate tissue response to thermal injury characterized by the rapid Arp2/3-dependent migration of keratinocytes, which was associated with tissue scale ROS production and sustained sensory axon damage. Isotonic treatment was sufficient to limit keratinocyte movement, spatially restrict ROS production, and rescue sensory neuron function. These results suggest that early keratinocyte dynamics regulate the spatial and temporal pattern of long-term signaling in the wound microenvironment during tissue repair.
-
- Cell Biology
Meiotic progression requires coordinated assembly and disassembly of protein complexes involved in chromosome synapsis and meiotic recombination. Mouse TRIP13 and its ortholog Pch2 are instrumental in remodeling HORMA domain proteins. HORMAD proteins are associated with unsynapsed chromosome axes but depleted from the synaptonemal complex (SC) of synapsed homologs. Here we report that TRIP13 localizes to the synapsed SC in early pachytene spermatocytes and to telomeres throughout meiotic prophase I. Loss of TRIP13 leads to meiotic arrest and thus sterility in both sexes. Trip13-null meiocytes exhibit abnormal persistence of HORMAD1 and HOMRAD2 on synapsed SC and chromosome asynapsis that preferentially affects XY and centromeric ends. These major phenotypes are consistent with reported phenotypes of Trip13 hypomorph alleles. Trip13 heterozygous mice exhibit meiotic defects that are less severe than the Trip13-null mice, showing that TRIP13 is a dosage-sensitive regulator of meiosis. Localization of TRIP13 to the synapsed SC is independent of SC axial element proteins such as REC8 and SYCP2/SYCP3. Terminal FLAG-tagged TRIP13 proteins are functional and recapitulate the localization of native TRIP13 to SC and telomeres. Therefore, the evolutionarily conserved localization of TRIP13/Pch2 to the synapsed chromosomes provides an explanation for dissociation of HORMA domain proteins upon synapsis in diverse organisms.