1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology

Systematic proteomic analysis of LRRK2-mediated Rab GTPase phosphorylation establishes a connection to ciliogenesis

  1. Martin Steger
  2. Federico Diez
  3. Herschel S Dhekne
  4. Pawel Lis
  5. Raja S Nirujogi
  6. Ozge Karayel
  7. Francesca Tonelli
  8. Terina N Martinez
  9. Esben Lorentzen
  10. Suzanne R Pfeffer
  11. Dario R Alessi  Is a corresponding author
  12. Matthias Mann  Is a corresponding author
  1. Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Germany
  2. University of Dundee, United Kingdom
  3. Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
  4. The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, United States
  5. Aarhus University, Denmark
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31012
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  1. Martin Steger
  2. Federico Diez
  3. Herschel S Dhekne
  4. Pawel Lis
  5. Raja S Nirujogi
  6. Ozge Karayel
  7. Francesca Tonelli
  8. Terina N Martinez
  9. Esben Lorentzen
  10. Suzanne R Pfeffer
  11. Dario R Alessi
  12. Matthias Mann
(2017)
Systematic proteomic analysis of LRRK2-mediated Rab GTPase phosphorylation establishes a connection to ciliogenesis
eLife 6:e31012.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31012
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Abstract

We previously reported that Parkinson's disease (PD) kinase LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases on a conserved residue in their switch-II domains (Steger, Tonelli et al., 2016) (PMID: 26824392). Here, we systematically analyzed the Rab protein family and found 14 of them (Rab3A/B/C/D, Rab5A/B/C, Rab8A/B, Rab10, Rab12, Rab29, Rab35 and Rab43) to be specifically phosphorylated by LRRK2, with evidence for endogenous phosphorylation for ten of them (Rab3A/B/C/D, Rab8A/B, Rab10, Rab12, Rab35 and Rab43). Affinity enrichment mass spectrometry revealed that the primary ciliogenesis regulator, RILPL1 specifically interacts with the LRRK2-phosphorylated forms of Rab8A and Rab10, whereas RILPL2 binds to phosphorylated Rab8A, Rab10, and Rab12. Induction of primary cilia formation by serum starvation led to a two-fold reduction in ciliogenesis in fibroblasts derived from pathogenic LRRK2-R1441G knock-in mice. These results implicate LRRK2 in primary ciliogenesis and suggest that Rab-mediated protein transport and/or signaling defects at cilia may contribute to LRRK2-dependent pathologies.

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Author details

  1. Martin Steger

    Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  2. Federico Diez

    MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  3. Herschel S Dhekne

    Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  4. Pawel Lis

    MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  5. Raja S Nirujogi

    MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  6. Ozge Karayel

    Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  7. Francesca Tonelli

    MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  8. Terina N Martinez

    The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, United States
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  9. Esben Lorentzen

    Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0001-6493-7220

  10. Suzanne R Pfeffer

    Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
    Competing interests
    Suzanne R Pfeffer, Reviewing editor, eLife.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-6462-984X

  11. Dario R Alessi

    MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
    For correspondence
    d.r.alessi@dundee.ac.uk
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  12. Matthias Mann

    Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
    For correspondence
    mmann@biochem.mpg.de
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0003-1292-4799

Funding

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Reviewing Editor

  1. Ivan Dikic, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany

Version history

  1. Received: August 4, 2017
  2. Accepted: November 9, 2017
  3. Accepted Manuscript published: November 10, 2017 (version 1)
  4. Version of Record published: November 20, 2017 (version 2)

Copyright

© 2017, Steger et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

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  1. Martin Steger
  2. Federico Diez
  3. Herschel S Dhekne
  4. Pawel Lis
  5. Raja S Nirujogi
  6. Ozge Karayel
  7. Francesca Tonelli
  8. Terina N Martinez
  9. Esben Lorentzen
  10. Suzanne R Pfeffer
  11. Dario R Alessi
  12. Matthias Mann
(2017)
Systematic proteomic analysis of LRRK2-mediated Rab GTPase phosphorylation establishes a connection to ciliogenesis
eLife 6:e31012.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31012

Share this article

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31012

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Further reading

    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Cell Biology

    A feed-forward pathway drives LRRK2 kinase membrane recruitment and activation

    Edmundo G Vides, Ayan Adhikari ... Suzanne R Pfeffer
    Research Advance Updated

    Activating mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinson’s disease, and previously we showed that activated LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases (Steger et al., 2017). Moreover, Golgi-associated Rab29 can recruit LRRK2 to the surface of the Golgi and activate it there for both auto- and Rab substrate phosphorylation. Here, we define the precise Rab29 binding region of the LRRK2 Armadillo domain between residues 360–450 and show that this domain, termed ‘site #1,’ can also bind additional LRRK2 substrates, Rab8A and Rab10. Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher-affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed ‘site #2’ that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. Kinase inhibitor washout experiments demonstrate that rapid recovery of kinase activity in cells depends on the ability of LRRK2 to associate with phosphorylated Rab proteins, and phosphorylated Rab8A stimulates LRRK2 phosphorylation of Rab10 in vitro. Reconstitution of purified LRRK2 recruitment onto planar lipid bilayers decorated with Rab10 protein demonstrates cooperative association of only active LRRK2 with phospho-Rab10-containing membrane surfaces. These experiments reveal a feed-forward pathway that provides spatial control and membrane activation of LRRK2 kinase activity.

    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology

    PPM1H phosphatase counteracts LRRK2 signaling by selectively dephosphorylating Rab proteins

    Kerryn Berndsen, Pawel Lis ... Dario R Alessi
    Research Article Updated

    Mutations that activate LRRK2 protein kinase cause Parkinson’s disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases within their Switch-II motif controlling interaction with effectors. An siRNA screen of all human protein phosphatases revealed that a poorly studied protein phosphatase, PPM1H, counteracts LRRK2 signaling by specifically dephosphorylating Rab proteins. PPM1H knockout increased endogenous Rab phosphorylation and inhibited Rab dephosphorylation in human A549 cells. Overexpression of PPM1H suppressed LRRK2-mediated Rab phosphorylation. PPM1H also efficiently and directly dephosphorylated Rab8A in biochemical studies. A “substrate-trapping” PPM1H mutant (Asp288Ala) binds with high affinity to endogenous, LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab proteins, thereby blocking dephosphorylation seen upon addition of LRRK2 inhibitors. PPM1H is localized to the Golgi and its knockdown suppresses primary cilia formation, similar to pathogenic LRRK2. Thus, PPM1H acts as a key modulator of LRRK2 signaling by controlling dephosphorylation of Rab proteins. PPM1H activity enhancers could offer a new therapeutic approach to prevent or treat Parkinson’s disease.

    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Cell Biology

    Phosphoproteomics reveals that Parkinson's disease kinase LRRK2 regulates a subset of Rab GTPases

    Martin Steger, Francesca Tonelli ... Matthias Mann
    Research Article Updated

    Mutations in Park8, encoding for the multidomain Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein, comprise the predominant genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). G2019S, the most common amino acid substitution activates the kinase two- to threefold. This has motivated the development of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors; however, poor consensus on physiological LRRK2 substrates has hampered clinical development of such therapeutics. We employ a combination of phosphoproteomics, genetics, and pharmacology to unambiguously identify a subset of Rab GTPases as key LRRK2 substrates. LRRK2 directly phosphorylates these both in vivo and in vitro on an evolutionary conserved residue in the switch II domain. Pathogenic LRRK2 variants mapping to different functional domains increase phosphorylation of Rabs and this strongly decreases their affinity to regulatory proteins including Rab GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). Our findings uncover a key class of bona-fide LRRK2 substrates and a novel regulatory mechanism of Rabs that connects them to PD.