Dashed lines indicate the mean NCS for each sample. The y-axis indicates the proportion of papers found in that area of the NCS, equivalent to a smoothed histogram. The x-axis gives the per-paper …
Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (see Figure 2—source data 1 for estimate specifications and dispersion parameters). All regressions are based on matched samples. Sample 1 compares …
Tweedie regression results.
Regression results for Tweedie regressions on the full, unmatched sample, using NCS as outcome.
Regression results for the three negative binomial regressions with times cited (CS) as outcome.
Tweedie regression of standardized parameters, using MNCS Journal quantiles rather than measurements.
The error bars display 95% confidence intervals. The figure visualizes the predicted, average, differences in per-paper citation scores for the case and control groups after adjusting for …
Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (see Figure 4—source data 1 for information on estimates and dispersion parameters). All regressions are based on matched samples. Sample 1 compares …
Logistic regression results.
The average proportions of self-citations are given on the y-axis, the five-percentile bins of NCS on the x-axis. The lower panel displays the distribution of the upper bounds of NCS across the …
The proportions of case papers are given on the y-axis, and the five-percentile bins of MNCS journal on the y-axis. The lower-left panel displays the upper bounds of MNCS journal by five-percentile …
Excluded countries due to unreliable gender assignments from first name.
List of specialty and main specialty designation, and number of papers per specialty for the full sample.
Groupings of countries by geographical region.
The excluded papers are a combination of missing document types in Web of Science and missing name information. Journals publishing document types which are included in PubMed Medline but not Web of …
Gender determination: The online tool Gender-API was used to estimate the gender of all first-name and country pairings. This pairing is important as the gender connotations for some first names …
Reported as function of all sampled papers (p_pubmed) and proportion of all papers matched to Web of Science (p_wos).
f_w is the weighted proportion of women per paper, f_first the proportion of female first authorships, f_last the proportion of female last authorships, f_both the proportion of papers where women …
Overall | f_w | f_first | f_last | f_both |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.35 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.15 | |
Main specialty | f_w | f_first | f_last | f_both |
Basic science | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 0.18 |
Hospital based | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.16 |
Medical | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.13 |
Pediatric | 0.46 | 0.52 | 0.37 | 0.24 |
Surgical/procedural | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.11 |
Institutional prestige | f_w | f_first | f_last | f_both |
Top-100 University | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.16 |
Other university | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.25 | 0.14 |
Geographic location | f_w | f_first | f_last | f_both |
Arab countries | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.16 |
Commonwealth of Independent States | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.17 |
East Asia | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
Latin America | 0.46 | 0.52 | 0.39 | 0.25 |
North America | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.15 |
Oceania | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.31 | 0.20 |
South and Central Europe | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.31 | 0.18 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.20 |
South-West Asia | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.10 |
Western Europe | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.14 |
Cohen’s d and Weitzman’s ∆ are calculated with two and one decimal respectively. Weitzman’s ∆ is not calculated for self-citations, as it is a discrete count variables. For sample 1, female first …
case (σ) | control (σ) | case | control | d | ∆ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | Self-citations | 1.91 (3.18) | 2.16 (3.93) | 1 | 1 | -0.07 | |
MNCS journal | 1.16 (.90) | 1.21 (1.04) | .99 | 1.00 | -0.05 | 96.4% | |
Sample 2 | Self-citations | 1.84 (3.22) | 2.08 (3.77) | 1 | 1 | -0.07 | |
MNCS journal | 1.14 (.98) | 1.20 (.99) | .98 | 1.00 | -0.06 | 95.6% | |
Sample 3 | Self-citations | 1.74 (2.84) | 2.13 (3.91) | 1 | 1 | -0.11 | |
MNCS journal | 1.12 (.97) | 1.20 (1.02) | .97 | 1.0 | -0.08 | 93.4% |
Literature review.