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Antibiotic resistance evolved decades ago in bacteria infecting European livestock and persists when the bacteria jump to humans.

Mutations in tubulin proteins that stabilize structures called microtubules alter how brain cells move, leading to severe malformations that affect the development of ridges and folds in the brain.

The gene cd59 allows nerve cells and their supporting cells to develop normally by balancing the level of inflammation in zebrafish embryos.

During infection, bacteria that have reduced ability to detect fellow cells outcompete their rivals because they can better use nutrients.

Inside human cells, pairs of IRE1 proteins form larger groups to send alarm signals to the nucleus when the endoplasmic reticulum is under stress.

Tuberculosis bacteria growing in biofilms evolve by changing genetic regulators to produce thicker biofilms.

X-ray crystallography studies reveal how the pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes can grab defence molecules and neutralise them.

The spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants is affected by the number and timing of secondary infections, and how easily it can transmit between people.