The spatial trajectories of an experienced (E) and a naïve (N) bird (point 1) are encoded as clockwise and counterclockwise rotations (point 2) which we represent as discrete time series (point 3). …
Panel (a) shows the net predictive power of the two birds over generations; it measures the excess predictive information within the pair and highlights which of the two birds is more informative …
Panel (a) shows sample flight trajectories for a number of different releases, r, of the same pair of birds. Colours highlight which bird is ahead of the other during different segments of the …
Panel (a) shows the proportion of exploration over releases for the experimental group (the red dotted vertical line separates solo flights at generation 1 from paired flights at generations 2–5), …
Panel (a) shows the total transfer of information between the pair of birds, , averaged over all releases and generations. Panel (b) shows the net transfer of information between thepair of birds, …
Panel (a) shows the results aggregated over all generations. Panel (b) shows the results separately for each generation.
Panel (a) shows the results for the trained birds during the first generation of the experiment. Panel (b) shows the results for the pair of birds during all remaining generations of the …
Panel (a) reports the results for experimental pairs over generations 2–5, panel (b) reports those for the fixed-pairs control, and panel (c) those for the solo control. Panel (d) shows the …
Colors and vertical lines highlight the 300 meter threshold that demarks the end of exploitation and the beginning of exploration. Panel (a) reports the results for experimental pairs over …
Results are shown for the experimental group, the solo control, and the fixed pairs control. The red dotted vertical line delineates the end of the experimental group’s training phase. Smoothed …
Column 1 reports the generation and sample sizes. Columns 2 and 4 report the differences between the mean value of transfer entropy of the original dataset and that of the surrogate dataset. Columns …
Original vs. surrogate dataset | ||||
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Generation | ||||
Column 1 reports the generation and sample sizes. Columns 2 and 3 give the mean duration and the standard deviation of segments for the experienced and the naïve bird. Column 4 reports the results …
Generation | Experienced | Naïve | |
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Column 1 reports the generation and sample size. Columns 2 and 3 give the mean and the standard deviation of the proportion of a flight with either the experienced or the naïve bird at the front of …
Generation | Experienced | Naïve | |
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Entries report the proportion of exploration vs. exploitation for pairs of treatments as well as the results of two-sided two-sample Whitney–Mann–Wilcoxon rank-sum tests with continuity correction …
Releases | Dataset | Solo control | Fixed-pairs control |
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1–12 | Experimental (generation 1) | Row: 36.7% vs. 63.3%Col: 34.2% vs. 65.8% | Row: 36.7% vs. 63.3%Col: 51.7% vs. 48.3% p <. 001 (W = 2230) |
Solo control | – | Row: 36.7% vs. 63.3%Col: 34.2% vs. 65.8% p <.001 (W=1837) | |
13–60 | Experimental (generations 2–5) | Row: 32.9% vs. 67.1%Col: 15.7% vs. 84.3% | Row: 32.9% vs. 67.1%Col: 29.3% vs. 70.7% p=.0456 (W=50472) |
Solo control | – | Row: 15.7% vs. 84.3%Col: 29.3% vs. 70.7% p<.001 (W=31517) |
Entries report the proportion of exploration vs exploitation for pairs of treatments as well as the results of two-sided two-sample Whitney–Mann–Wilcoxon rank-sum tests with continuity correction …
Releases | Dataset | Solo control | Fixed pairs control |
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1–12 | Experimental (gen. 1) | Row: 61.5 % vs 38.5%Col: 55.8 % vs 44.2% | Row: 61.5 % vs 38.5%Col: 82.9 % vs 17.1% |
Solo control | – | Row: 55.8 % vs 44.2%Col: 82.9 % vs 17.1% | |
13–60 | Experimental (gen. 2–5) | Row: 46.6 % vs 53.4%Col: 18.9 % vs 81.1% | Row: 46.6 % vs 53.4%Col: 32.4 % vs 67.6% |
Solo control | – | Row: 18.9 % vs 81.1%Col: 32.4 % vs 67.6% |
Column one reports the generation and sample size. Columns 2 and 3 give the mean and the standard deviation of the proportion of a flight led, respectively, by the experienced and the naïve bird for …
Exploration | Exploitation | |||
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Generation | Experienced | Naïve | Experienced | Naïve |
Column one reports the generation and sample size. Columns 2 and 3 report the results of two-sided paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with continuity correction (-value and statistic) for differences …
Experienced vs naïve | ||
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Generation | Exploration | Exploitation |
Column one reports the generation number. Columns 2 and 4 report the estimated probabilities that transitions are led by the experienced bird,, and by the naïve bird,, for transitions, respectively, …
Exploitation → Exploration | Exploration → Exploitation | |||
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Generation | versus | versus | ||
All | ||||
2 | ||||
3 | ||||
4 | ||||
5 |
Column one reports the release number. Columns 2 and 4 report the estimated probabilities that transitions are led by the experienced bird,, and by the naïve bird,, for transitions, respectively, …
Exploitation → Exploration | Exploration → Exploitation | |||
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Release | versus | versus | ||
1 | ||||
2 | ||||
3 | ||||
4 | ||||
5 | ||||
6 | ||||
7 | ||||
8 | ||||
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12 |