Gaps in global wildlife trade monitoring leave amphibians vulnerable

  1. Alice C Hughes  Is a corresponding author
  2. Benjamin Michael Marshall
  3. Colin Strine
  1. Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
  2. Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand
  3. School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, Thailand

Abstract

As the biodiversity crisis continues, we must redouble efforts to understand and curb pressures pushing species closer to extinction. One major driver is the unsustainable trade of wildlife. Trade in internationally regulated species gains the most research attention, but this only accounts for a minority of traded species and we risk failing to appreciate the scale and impacts of unregulated legal trade. Despite being legal, trade puts pressure on wild species via: direct collection, introduced pathogens, and invasive species. Smaller species-rich vertebrates, such reptiles, fish, and amphibians, may be particularly vulnerable to trading because of gaps in regulations, small distributions, and demand of novel species. Here we combine data from five sources: online web searches in six languages, CITES trade database, LEMIS trade inventory, IUCN assessments, and a recent literature review, to characterise the global trade in amphibians, and also map use by purpose including meat, pets, medicinal and for research. We show that 1,215 species are being traded (17% of amphibian species), almost three times previous recorded numbers, 345 are threatened, and 100 data deficient or unassessed. Traded species origin hotspots include South American, China, and Central Africa; sources indicate 42% of amphibians are taken from the wild. Newly described species can be rapidly traded (mean time lag of 6.5 years), including threatened and unassessed species. The scale and limited regulation of the amphibian trade, paired with the triptych of connected pressures (collection, pathogens, invasive species), warrants a re-examination of the wildlife trade status-quo, application of the precautionary principle in regards to wildlife trade, and a renewed push to achieve global biodiversity goals.

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Author details

  1. Alice C Hughes

    Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
    For correspondence
    ach_conservation2@hotmail.com
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-4899-3158
  2. Benjamin Michael Marshall

    Institute of Science, School of Biology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0001-9554-0605
  3. Colin Strine

    School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

Funding

National Science Foundation China (U1602265;)

  • Alice C Hughes

Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20050202; 2017XTBG-T03; Y4ZK111B01)

  • Alice C Hughes

High-End Foreign Experts Program of Yunnan Province (Y9YN021B01)

  • Alice C Hughes

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Copyright

© 2021, Hughes et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

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  1. Alice C Hughes
  2. Benjamin Michael Marshall
  3. Colin Strine
(2021)
Gaps in global wildlife trade monitoring leave amphibians vulnerable
eLife 10:e70086.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.70086

Share this article

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.70086

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