Tropical land use alters functional diversity of soil food webs and leads to monopolization of the detrital energy channel
Figures
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig1-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Mean litter-calibrated Δ13C and Δ15N values of soil animal taxa in rainforest (a), jungle rubber (b), rubber, (c) and oil palm plantations (d).
Error bars represent standard errors across sampling plots (n = 1–8 per land-use system). Size of the points is scaled to the total share of the taxonomic group in the community metabolism in the corresponding land-use system (metabolism was log10-transformed to show trends in rarer groups).
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Figure 1—source data 1
Metabolism data of each group in each plot.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-fig1-data1-v3.xlsx
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Figure 1—source data 2
Stable isotope data of groups in each plot.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-fig1-data2-v3.xlsx
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig2-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Average Δ13C and Δ15N values of taxonomic groups in rainforest (F), jungle rubber (J), rubber, (R) and oil palm plantations (O).
Numbers show means, asterisks indicate significant differences between the mean value in the corresponding land-use system and in rainforest (Student’s t-test *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). Color represents the direction (red – increase, blue – decrease) and magnitude (darker color indicate stronger change) of the difference between rainforest and other land-use systems.
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Figure 2—source data 1
Metabolism data of each group in each plot.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-fig2-data1-v3.xlsx
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig2-figsupp1-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Δ13C of each taxa in in rainforest (F, green), jungle rubber (J, blue), rubber (R, red), and oil palm plantations (O, yellow).
Means sharing the same letter within each pane are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD test following ANOVA, p > 0.05).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig2-figsupp2-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Δ15N of each taxa in in rainforest (F, green), jungle rubber (J, blue), rubber (R, red), and oil palm plantations (O, yellow).
Means sharing the same letter within each pane are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD test following ANOVA, p > 0.05).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig3-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
One-dimensional metrics for Δ13C (upper panel) and Δ15N values (lower panel) of communities in rainforest (F, green), jungle rubber (J, blue), rubber (R, red), and oil palm plantations (O, yellow).
Each point represents one community (n = 8 per land-use system). For the calculation of the weighted average values, species were weighted according to their contribution to the total community metabolism per plot. Means sharing the same letter within each pane are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD test following ANOVA, p > 0.05).
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Figure 3—source data 1
Community metrics of soil food webs in each plot.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-fig3-data1-v3.csv
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Figure 3—source data 2
Energetic metrics of soil food webs in each plot.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-fig3-data2-v3.csv
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional isotopic metrics of soil animal communities in rainforest (F, green), jungle rubber (J, blue), rubber (R, red), and oil palm plantations (O, yellow).
Community (upper panel) and energetic metrics (lower panel) are shown. Each point represents one community (n = 8 per land-use system). Means sharing the same letter within each pane are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD test following ANOVA, p < 0.05).
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Figure 4—source data 1
Community metrics of soil food webs in each plot.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-fig4-data1-v3.csv
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Figure 4—source data 2
Energetic metrics of soil food webs in each plot.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-fig4-data2-v3.csv
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp1-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot BF1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp2-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot BF2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp3-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot BF3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp4-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot BF4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp5-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot BJ2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp6-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot BJ3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp7-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot BJ4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp8-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot BJ5).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp9-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot BO2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp10-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot BO3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp11-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot BO4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp12-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot BO5).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp13-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot BR1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp14-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot BR2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp15-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot BR3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp16-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot BR4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp17-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot HF1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp18-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot HF2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp19-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot HF3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp20-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot HF4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp21-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot HJ1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp22-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot HJ2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp23-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot HJ3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp24-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot HJ4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp25-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot HO1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp26-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot HO2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp27-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot HO3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp28-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot HO4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp29-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot HR1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp30-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot HR2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp31-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot HR3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp32-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional community metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot HR4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp33-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot BF1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp34-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot BF2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp35-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot BF3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp36-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot BF4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp37-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot BJ2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp38-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot BJ3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp39-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot BJ4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp40-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot BJ5).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp41-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot BO2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp42-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot BO3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp43-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot BO4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp44-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot BO5).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp45-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot BR1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp46-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot BR2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp47-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot BR3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp48-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot BR4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp49-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot HF1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp50-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot HF2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp51-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot HF3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp52-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in forest (plot HF4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp53-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot HJ1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp54-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot HJ2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp55-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot HJ3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp56-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in jungle rubber (plot HJ4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp57-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot HO1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp58-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot HO2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp59-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot HO3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp60-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in oil palm plantation (plot HO4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp61-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot HR1).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp62-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot HR2).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp63-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot HR3).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig4-figsupp64-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Multidimensional energetic metrics of soil food webs in rubber plantation (plot HR4).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig5-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Environmental drivers of community and energetic soil food-web metrics.
Community and energetic food-web metrics were related to environmental factors using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA); the thickness of connection lines shows statistical significance, dashed line for p > 0.05. Pairwise Spearman’s correlations among environmental factors are shown with a tile chart (blue – negative, red – positive). The vegetation parameters included tree species richness (TreeRich), tree density (TreeDen), understory species richness (UnderRich), understory density (UnderDen), and average understory height (UnderHeight). Parameters of litter and soil include soil pH, litter amount, soil carbon concentration (Csoil), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of litter (CtoNlitter), soil microbial biomass C (Soil Cmic), and soil humidity (Water soil) (Krashevska et al., 2015; Rembold et al., 2017a).
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Figure 5—source data 1
Data of environmental factors.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-fig5-data1-v3.csv
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/75428%2Felife-75428-fig6-v3.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Structural equation model on the effects of environmental change on food-web metrics.
Numbers adjacent to arrows are standardized path coefficients that show effect sizes and directions (blue – positive, red – negative) of the relationship, arrow width is proportional to the strength of path coefficients. Gray arrows represent paths that were not significant; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Numbers above every response variable in the model denotes the proportion of variance explained. For abbreviations, see Figure 5.
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Figure 6—source data 1
Data for building structural equation model (SEM).
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-fig6-data1-v3.xlsx
Additional files
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Supplementary file 1
Metabolism proportion of different animal groups in different land-use systems.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-supp1-v3.xlsx
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Transparent reporting form
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/75428/elife-75428-transrepform1-v3.docx