Computational and Systems Biology

Meta-Research: How parenthood contributes to gender gaps in academia

Information School, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
College of Education, The University of Iowa, United States

Jul 13, 2022

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.78909

Open access
Copyright information

Download
A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.
Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)
- Article PDF
Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)
- Mendeley
Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)
Xiang Zheng

Haimiao Yuan

Chaoqun Ni

(2022)
Meta-Research: How parenthood contributes to gender gaps in academia

eLife 11:e78909.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.78909
- Download BibTeX
- Download .RIS
Cite
CommentOpen annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page).
Share

8 figures, 2 tables and 4 additional files

Figures

Figure 1

Download asset Open asset

Subjective and objective career achievements by gender and parenthood status.

(A). Percentage of satisfaction over research, career, and recognition by scholarly communities; (B). Women/men odds ratio for subjective career achievements; Control variables include discipline, …

Figure 2

Download asset Open asset

Forms of work-family conflict experienced, and partner support received by gender and parenthood status.

(A) Percentage of women and men experiencing “substantial” conflict; (B) Odds ratio (women/men) for experiencing work-family conflict; (C) Percentage of women and men receiving “substantial” partner …

Figure 3

Download asset Open asset

Mediation effect analysis models of partner support and work-family conflict between gender and subjective and objective career achievement measures.

Only paths with statistically significant effects (p<0.05) are shown. Black and gray lines denote positive and negative mediating coefficients, respectively. (A) sets the objective career …

Author response image 1

Download asset Open asset

Kernel density distributions of annual relative publications (ARP) and average relative citations (ARC) across parenting groups and genders, by career stages.

Author response image 2

Download asset Open asset

Author response image 3

Download asset Open asset

Author response image 4

Download asset Open asset

Author response image 5

Download asset Open asset

Tables

Table 1

Child impact on career for parents.

Odds ratio (women/men) values were based on ordinal logistic regression. Standard errors were clustered at the institution level. Control variables include discipline, race, and type of partner job.

	All		Trainee		Early career		Middle career		Late career
	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men
Negative (%)	71.3	48.6	79.3	60.2	79.1	66.4	75.5	59.1	60.9	37.3
Neutral (%)	14.7	26.2	9.6	21.2	9.7	16.5	13.1	19.1	20	33
Positive (%)	14.1	25.2	11.1	18.6	11.2	17.1	11.4	21.9	19.2	29.7
N	3,105	2,530	208	118	618	333	1,172	745	1,107	1,334
OR, 95% CI, p-value	0.46 [0.41,0.51], P=0.000		0.34 [0.20,0.61], P=0.000		0.52 [0.39,0.70], P=0.000		0.47 [0.40,0.56], P=0.000		0.43 [0.37,0.51], P=0.000

Author response table 1

The bootstrap results for subjective and objective career achievements – coefficients and 95% bias-corrected confidence interval (CI).

Subjective career achievement	Coef.	95% bias-corrected CI	Objective career achievement	Coef.	95% bias-corrected CI
		Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Non-parent
Research satisfaction	-0.062	-0.317	0.185	ARP	0.016	-0.148	0.174
Career satisfaction	0.052	-0.227	0.334	ARC	-0.321	-0.765	0.032
Community recognition	-0.05	-0.333	0.226	ARCo	0.025	-0.109	0.141
Parent
Research satisfaction	-0.332	-0.457	-0.208	ARP	-0.349	-0.486	-0.216
Career satisfaction	-0.116	-0.25	0.035	ARC	-0.196	-0.386	-0.01
Community recognition	-0.308	-0.454	-0.162	ARCo	-0.102	-0.174	-0.031
Coefficient difference (non-parent – parent)
Research satisfaction	0.271	-0.016	0.549	ARP	0.365	0.152	0.572
Career satisfaction	0.168	-0.149	0.476	ARC	-0.126	-0.599	0.273
Community recognition	0.259	-0.063	0.558	ARCo	0.126	-0.02	0.263