(A, B) Histogram of windspeed and wind direction (n = 427). (C, D) Histogram of wave height and wave direction (n = 299).
Graphs A, B, and C are composed of 703 samples and graph D is composed of 669 samples.
Sample numbers of each sex are 378 for male and 325 for female (361 and 301 for D).
Solid line shows the linear regression line determined from the linear mixed model (LMM). The slope value with a fixed slope of zero was 1.23.
Relative take-off direction to wind direction (black circles, n = 427) significantly distributed around 0° (headwind), in contrast to cruising direction relative to the wind (gray x-mark, n = 427). …
Effort for the take-off (running duration, running speed, flapping number, and flapping frequency) significantly decreased as wave height and wind speed increased (p < 0.01) except the relationship …
(A) Correlation between wind speed and wave height was weak (r = 0.27, n = 185). Bar charts and solid lines written above and right of the scatter plot are normed histograms of wind speed, wave …
(A) Running duration, (B) running speed, (C) flapping number, and (D) flapping frequency are shown in the gray scale corresponding to the wind speed (x-axis) and wave height (y-axis). Darker color …
(A) Running duration, (B) running speed, (C) flapping number, and (D) flapping frequency in response to the wave height change under weak wind (dashed line, 2 m/s) and strong wind (solid line, 8 …
Horizontal speed starts increasing from the beginning of the take-off. Red square shows the detected running phase based on the variance of the lateral acceleration signal. Red bars show the …
The best models are shown in bold.
Response variables | N | Explanatory variables | AIC | p value (Chi square) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Running duration | 427 | Null | 1505.2 | |
Wind speed | 1464.4 | 6.1 × 10−11 | ||
Running duration | 299 | Null | 1052.6 | |
Wave height | 1042.0 | 4.0 × 10−4 | ||
Running speed | 427 | Null | 1584.5 | |
Wind speed | 1480.0 | 2.2 × 10−16 | ||
Running speed | 299 | Null | 1092.9 | |
Wave height | 1077.8 | 3.4 × 10−5 | ||
Flapping number | 427 | Null | 2867.0 | |
Wind speed | 2834.4 | 4.0 × 10−9 | ||
Flapping number | 299 | Null | 1798.6 | |
Wave height | 1773.5 | 2.0 × 10−7 | ||
Flapping frequency | 407 | Null | 138.4 | |
Wind speed | 115.6 | 6.4 × 10−7 | ||
Flapping frequency | 283 | Null | 70.1 | |
Wave height | 67.2 | 0.026 |
The best models are shown in bold.
Response variables | N | Explanatory variables | AIC |
---|---|---|---|
Running duration | 185 | Null | 655.81 |
Wave height | 650.06 | ||
Wind speed | 639.45 | ||
Wind speed + Wave height | 637.81 | ||
Wind speed + Wave height + Interaction | 631.02 | ||
Running speed | 185 | Null | 699.62 |
Wave height | 690.57 | ||
Wind speed | 657.69 | ||
Wind speed + Wave height | 655.76 | ||
Wind speed + Wave height + Interaction | 655.49 | ||
Flapping number | 185 | Null | 1129.4 |
Wave height | 1117.7 | ||
Wind speed | 1109.0 | ||
Wind speed + Wave height | 1102.3 | ||
Wind speed + Wave height + Interaction | 1101.7 | ||
Flapping frequency | 175 | Null | 70.43 |
Wave height | 70.96 | ||
Wind speed | 52.25 | ||
Wind speed + Wave height | 54.22 | ||
Wind speed + Wave height + Interaction | 50.72 |
Information on individuals and attached recorders.