Image Credit: Katerina May, Unsplash (CC0)
Too much stress is harmful to the brain and overall health, as it can lead to chronically high levels of the stress hormone cortisol. The part of the brain that regulates memory and emotions, called the hippocampus, is especially sensitive to stress because it has a high number of receptors that bind to cortisol. This connection may explain why stress can lead to memory lapses or strong emotions.
Studies have shown that mental training exercises, such as mindfulness and meditation, may change the structure of the brain and reduce stress. However, the results from these experiments have been mixed due to the variation in mental practices used by different programs. Here, Valk, Engert et al. set out to find how distinct types of mental training affect the brain, focusing on the hippocampus and cortisol levels.
The team used various magnetic resonance imaging techniques to study the hippocampus of 322 healthy adult volunteers who had undergone three months of mental training. The relationship between mental training, hippocampus size, and stress levels was complex when studying the results of each individual. However, when the results were grouped together, it revealed that volunteers who underwent training to increase empathy and compassion experienced expansion in parts of their hippocampus.
As these areas of the brain increased in size, these individuals experienced corresponding reductions in cortisol levels. But volunteers who underwent mental training focused on attention or developing perspective did not experience such increases.
These findings suggest that mental training to increase empathy and compassion alters brain structure and lowers cortisol levels. Future studies may explain how this happens, which could lead to improved mental training programs for mitigating stress.
