Experimental Materials.

A. Trial sequence and display sizes. Each trial started with a 150-ms non-informative cue presented at one of the two peripheral boxes. After a 150-ms interstimulus interval (ISI), a 150-ms fixation cue was presented at the central fixation box.

Behavioral Results.

Mean reaction times (A) and accuracies (B) as a function of cue validity and congruency. NE = neutral; SI = semantically incongruent; RI = response-incongruent. Error bars extend to one standard error of the mean (SEM).

IOR Effect in the Neutral Condition and Parameter Estimation.

A. Brain regions showing significant activations in the contrast between the cued-NE and uncued-NE conditions, with a threshold of p < 0.005 (uncorrected) with a minimum cluster size of 540 mm³ (20 voxels), yielding a corrected p < 0.05 based on 2,500 Monte Carlo simulations in BrainVoyager. Warm colors represent stronger activations in the cued condition, and cold colors represent stronger activations in the uncued condition. B. Parameter estimates for each activation region. Error bars extend to 1 SEM. L = left; R = right. *** p < .001.

Brain regions showing significant activation differences between the cued-NE and uncued-NE conditions.

Effect of IOR in semantic conflict and response conflict.

(A) Regions showing the IOR modulation of semantic conflict, defined as (cued-SI – cued-NE) > (uncued-SI – uncued NE). (B) Regions showing the IOR modulation of response conflict, defined as (cued-RI – cued-SI) > (uncued-RI – uncued-SI). NE = neutral; SI = semantically incongruent; RI = response-incongruent. Parameter estimations were based on a threshold of p < .005 (uncorrected), with a minimum cluster size of 540 mm³ (20 voxels), yielding a threshold of corrected p < .05 based on 2500 Monte Carlo simulations in BrainVoyager. Error bars extend to 1 SEM. **p < .01, *p < .05, n.s. = non-significant.

Brain regions showing a significant modulation effect of IOR on semantic conflict (cued-SI minus cued-NE > uncued-SI minus uncued-NE) or response conflict (cued-RI minus cued-SI > uncued-RI minus uncued-SI).

Simulation results of different stimulus sequences.

A. Detection efficiency. B. Estimation efficiency for the HRF shape.

Global signal time series for runs excluded from further analysis.

Each panel shows the global signal time course of one run that had a global variance over the exclusion threshold (≥ 0.1%). Eight runs were excluded across Subjects 12 and 16 (Imaging Center for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University) and Subjects 14, 21, and 22 (Imaging Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University).