Time-calibrated phylogeny and sexual traits of subgenus Pseudovelia.

a) – g) Sexual traits of Pseudovelia. Photographs and illustrations display male and female traits. a) Photograph of mating pair. b) Illustration of mating pattern. c) Phenotypic disparity in male fore tibiae. d) Phenotypic disparity in male hind tibiae. e) Phenotypic disparity in male abdominal segment VIII (ASE). f) Female tergite VIII: normal (left) and elongated (right). g) Female gonocoxa: normal (left) and with modified setae (right). h) Time-calibrated phylogeny of Pseudovelia. Tree topology was inferred using USCOs with ASTRAL, and divergence times were estimated in MCMCtree (PAML) based on fossil-calibrated outgroups. Outgroups are not shown. Node bars represent the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) of divergence times.

Analytical pipeline of this study.

Mito-nuclear discordance and introgression analyses across Pseudovelia.

a) Phylogenetic trees reconstructed using mitochondrial genomes (left) and SNPs (right) with maximum likelihood (ML) in IQ-tree2. Colored branches indicate non-monophyletic species in the mitochondrial tree. b) Matrix of f-branch values, based on the SNP sliding-windows species tree topology, with P. sexualis as the outgroup. Values (fb) were calculated using Dsuite. c) Matrix of D-statistic values from Dsuite analysis within the SC group. Darker colors indicate smaller p-value; red indicates higher D-statistic value, and blue indicates lower values. d) Phylogenetic network analysis in PhyloNet within the SC group (h=3). Blue lines indicate reticulation events; numbers denote inheritance probabilities.

Macroevolution of sexual conflict in Pseudovelia.

a) Net diversification rate, expression of sexual traits, and ancestral state reconstruction across lineage. Branch colors represent lineage-specific net diversification rates inferred by RevBayes. Dotted lines mark the time of peak phenotypic disparity in disparity-through-time (DTT) analysis. Red bars indicate expression of male traits, and green bars indicate expression of female traits. States of sexual traits are showed on the right; red squares represent modified male traits, and green squares represent modified female traits. b) – d) DTT analyses of male sexual traits. Shaded areas and dotted lines represent the 95% distribution and mean values of null models (based on 1,000 stochastic mappings), while solid lines represent empirical results. b) DTT analysis of male fore tibia shape. c) DTT analysis of male hind tibia shape. d) DTT analysis of male ASE shape (lateral view).

Historical biogeography and demographic history of Pseudovelia.

a) Ancestral range estimation in BioGeoBEARS under the DEC+j model. b) Past fluctuations in global temperatures since 15 Ma, plotted from Westerhold et al. (2020). c) – e) Demographic histories of three major clades reconstructed with PSMC. Colored lines represent changes in effective population size (Ne). c) East Asia clade. d) Malaysia clade. e) Philippines clade.