Measures of submission rate, acceptance rate, and rejection rate with tests of statistical significance.

Logistic regression was used for whether they submitted to an elite journal by individual discipline. Linear regression (mixed-effect model) was used understand the gender difference in number of submissions, acceptance rate and desk rejection rate to these journals by individual discipline. We controlled for rank in all regression analysis. Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval. All odds ratio and coefficient values are based on women over men. MS: Medical Sciences; NSE: Natural Sciences and Engineering; S.S.: Social Sciences. ** indicates p<0.01, * indicates p<0.05

Measures of journal consideration, submission rate, and desk rejection rate for most cited papers with odds ratios (women/men).

Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval. We used logistic regression to analyze the relationship between gender and the four variables, while controlling for rank. Regression was done by each discipline separately. MS: Medical Sciences; NSE: Natural Sciences and Engineering; S.S.: Social Sciences. SNP: Science, Nature, PNAS.

Odds ratio (women/men) and mean value for research quality comparison with peers.

Ordinal logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between gender and the rating of research quality while controlling for respondents’ rank. Regression was done at the discipline level. Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval. MS: Medical Sciences; NSE: Natural Sciences and Engineering; S.S.: Social Sciences. *Indicates p<0.05

Reasons for not submitting to top journals, overall and most cited paper, with odds ratios (women/men).

Logistic regression was employed to analyze the relationship between gender and each of the reasons for not submitting. Regression was done by reason and discipline while controlling for rank. Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval. MS: Medical Sciences; NSE: Natural Sciences and Engineering; S.S.: Social Sciences. ** indicates p<0.01, * indicates p<0.05