(a) Top: 192 gyral peak clusters of human on human brain template (Conte69, Van Essen et al. (2012b)). Middle: 85 gyral peak clusters of macaque on macaque brain template (Yerkes19, Van Essen et al. (2012a)). Bottom: The results of mapping macaque gyral peak clusters on the human brain template by the cross-species registration (Xu et al. (2020)). The same color of middle and bottom surface indicates the corresponding peak clusters. (b) Peak clusters shared by human and macaque (LH-25, RH-26). On the same hemisphere of the brain, the corresponding-colored regions on both human and macaque represent the corresponding shared peak clusters. In addition, the color of the left and right hemisphere clusters are not related. (c) Unique peak clusters of two species map on the surface of their respective surface template.

(a) Pie chart shows the count of shared and unique peaks across different brain networks for both human and macaque. Right panel shows the Cole-Anticevic (CA) networks (Ji et al. (2019)) on human surface as a reference. (b) The ratio of shared and unique peaks in each brain network in the Cole-Anticevic (CA) atlas. The pink and green color bins represent ratios of shared and unique peaks, respectively. The dark blue dashed line represents the 50% reference line. For each brain region, the sum of the ratios of shared and unique peaks is equal to 1.

The number of shared and unique peaks in lower- and higher-order brain networks of the two species. Lower-order networks include visual 1 (V1), visual 2 (V2), auditory (Aud), somatomotor (SMN), posterior multimodal (PMN), ventral multimodal (VMN), and orbito-affective networks (OAN), higher-order networks include cingulo-opercular (CON), dorsal attention (DAN), language (Lan), frontoparietal (FPN), default-mode network (DMN).

(a) Mean peak count (±SD) covered by shared and unique peak clusters in two species. ***indicates p<0.001. The t-values for the t-tests in humans and macaques are 4.74 and 2.67, respectively. (b) Linear regression results of the consistency of peak clusters shared between macaque and human brains. The pink and blue colors represent the left and right hemispheres, respectively. The results of the linear regression are depicted in the figure. While there was a positive correlation observed in the consistency of gyral peaks between macaque and human, the obtained p-value for the fitted results exceeded the significance threshold of 0.05.

Peak cluster extraction pipeline. The two rows represent the human brain and the macaque brain, respectively. (a) shows the locations of all extracted peaks in an individual. (b) Due to resampling of the human and macaque surface, there is a vertex-to-vertex correspondence between individuals. Therefore, all individual peaks were placed on the template brain surface and undergo isotropic smoothing, resulting in the count map shown in (b), where the highlighted regions indicate a higher frequency of peak occurrences across individuals. (c) shows the results of clustering the count map using watershed algorithm, resulting in peak clusters for both species. A total of 192 peak clusters were detected in the human brain, while 85 peak clusters were detected in the macaque brain.

The mean (±SD) of anatomical features, as well as the p-values and t-values of the t-test between shared and unique peak clusters. In the t-test, n for human is 880 and for macaque is 591. The bold font is the one with the larger values of shared and unique peaks.

The mean (±SD) functional connectivity characteristics, as well as the p-values and t-values of the t-test between shared and unique peak clusters of human and macaque. In the t-test, n for human is 880 and for macaque is 591. The bold font represent the larger values between the shared peak and unique peaks.

The mean values (±SD) of brain regions that appeared within a 3-ring neighborhood for shared and unique peaks in 10 common human atlases. All the shared peaks in the table have a greater number of neighboring brain regions compared to the unique peaks. All p<0.001, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected.

The mean values (±SD) of brain regions that appeared within a 3-ring neighborhood for shared and unique peaks in 3 common macaque atlases. For both Markov91 and Cole-Anticevic atlas, the shared peaks has more variety of functional regions around it than the unique peaks. But for the altas BA05, the conclusion was reversed. The bold font represent the larger values between the shared peak and unique peaks. All p<0.001, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected.

The original form of AHBA data is region × gene. The accuracy and MSE line charts of the training set and testing set corresponding to lambda from 10-4 to 1. Purple and orange respectively represent the accuracy and mse obtained by 10-fold cross verification. The final lambda determined is 0.027, which can ensure the maximum accuracy and minimum MSE at the same time.

Seven genes were selected using LASSO that showed significant differential expression in shared and unique peaks.

Parameter selection of gyral peaks detection in human and macaque.

The location of human peak clusters.

The location of macaque peak clusters.

Macaques share peak clusters display on the surface of the macaque brain template.

Location of shared peak clusters on human.

Pie chart shows the normalized count of shared and unique peaks across different brain networks both for human and macaque. Right panel shows the Cole-Anticevic (CA) networks (Ji et al. (2019)) on human surface as a reference.

(a) Location of shared peaks. (b) Confidence of shared peak clusters defined by the coincidence rate of clusters between human and macaque. (c) Confidence of shared peak clusters defined by the distance of cluster centers between human and macaque.

The mean (±SD) structural connectivity characteristics of shared and unique peak clusters of human. The bold font represent the larger values between the shared peak and unique peaks. *indicates p<0.05; **indicates p<0.01,***indicates p<0.001

The mean values (±SD) of brain regions where shared and unique peaks appeared within a 3-ring neighborhood in 21 common human atlases. The p-values were corrected by FDR.

The 28 genes selected by LASSO and their corresponding p-values from Welch’s t-test.