Characteristics of participants in baseline and repeated surveys, based on the categorized HLI1

Changes in lifestyle factors from baseline to repeated survey

HLI, healthy lifestyle indicator.

The blue bars represent the percentage of individuals who have transitioned to healthier behaviors or improved their HLI score; the gray bars represent the percentage of individuals whose behaviors or HLI score have not changed; the orange bars represent the percentage of individuals who have transitioned to unhealthier behaviors or whose HLI score has decreased.

Associations of healthy lifestyle factors and HLI with the BA acceleration of validated BAs

Relative contributions of five healthy lifestyle components to BAs acceleration

Panels: Results of the comprehensive BA acceleration, the cardiopulmonary BA acceleration, the metabolic BA acceleration, and the liver BA acceleration (A–D). ΔSmoking, change in smoking status between the baseline and repeated survey; ΔAlcohol, change in alcohol consumption between the baseline and repeated survey; ΔDiet, change in dietary quality between the baseline and repeated survey; ΔExercise, change in exercise between the baseline and repeated survey; ΔSleep, change in sleep between the baseline and repeated survey.

Estimates were obtained using QGC, which treated the BA accelerations as the dependent variables and five individual lifestyle factors as the independent variables. Models were adjusted for age, occupation, marital status, total energy intake, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, menopausal status in women, beverage intake, dietary supplement intake, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, sex, ethnicity, urbanicity, education, and the participants’ age at baseline.

The blue bars represent results that are statistically significant in the FEM analysis, while the gray bars represent results in the FEM analysis that were not found to be statistically significant.

Stratified analysis of estimated associations between the HLI and the comprehensive BA acceleration

All models were adjusted for age, occupation, marital status, total energy intake, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, menopausal status in women, beverage intake, dietary supplement intake, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, sex, ethnicity, urbanicity, education, and the participants’ age at baseline, with exclusion of the stratified variable as appropriate. The boxes represent point estimations. Horizontal lines represent 95% CI.